Biological Abstracts® Archive Database Guide
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The archive for Biological Abstracts and BIOSIS Previews provides newly available access to 1.8 million records from 49 journals, patents, conference reports and books originally published in print between 1926 and 1968. The archive includes the most relevant international items from the life sciences, and is fully indexed and searchable with modern indexing terms, provided in Ovid's unique environment to provide the best possible search functionality for the working biologist.

BIOSIS Previews® encompasses the entire field of life sciences and provides comprehensive coverage of the world’s published biological and biomedical research. This includes traditional areas of biology, such as botany, zoology and microbiology, as well as experimental, clinical and veterinary medicine, biotechnology, environmental studies, and agriculture. Interdisciplinary fields such as biochemistry, biophysics and bioengineering are also included. Currently, more than 5,000 serials are monitored for inclusion. In addition to full-length research articles from serials, the database also covers national and international meetings, reviews, technical letters and notes, meeting reports, and books.

Segments and Years of Coverage
Name   Years of Coverage
bioprc   (1926-1968)
biopr1   (1926-1944)
biopr2   (1945-1954)
biopr3   (1955-1968)
Biological Abstracts   (1969 to Present) -- see the Biological Abstracts® Database Guide for front-segment details.

The limit of databases that you can select for a multifile search session is based upon database segments rather than actual databases. The Ovid multifile segment limit is set at 120 to avoid impacting your search sessions. This database includes 3 segments.

This is an archive database. No new data will be added.

 

Fields
The following list is sorted alphabetically by field alias. Click a field name to see the description and search information.
All Fields in this Database
  Abstract (AB) Institution (IN) Record Owner (RO)
  Accession Number (AN, UI) Issue (IP) Registry Numbers (RN)
  All Searchable Fields (AF) Journal Name (JN) Series Title (SE)
  Author/Editor/Inventor  (AU) Journal Words (JX) Series Volume (SV)
  BIOSIS Uodate (BU) Local Messages (LM) Source (SO)
  Biosystematic Codes (BC) Major Concepts (MC) Super Taxa (ST)
  Book Title (English) (BT) Meeting Information (MF) Taxa Notes (TN)
  Chemical Information (CI) Organisms (OR) Textword (TW)
  Chemicals & Biochemicals (CB) Original Language Book Title (non-English) (BO) Time (TM)
  Concept Codes (CC) Original Title (non-English) (OT) Title (TI)
  Date of Publication (DP) Pagination (PG) Update Code (UP)
  Default Fields for Unqualified Searches (MP, KW) Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms (PS) Volume (VO)
  Diseases (DS) Patent Country (PC) Year of Publication (YR)
  Geopolitical Locations (GE) Publication Type (PT)  
  Heading Words (HW) Publisher Information (PI)  
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Default Fields for Unqualified Searches: Searching for a term without specifying a field searches the following fields.
  Abstract (AB) Concept Codes (CC) Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms (PS)
  Biosystematic Codes (BC) Diseases (DS) Super Taxa (ST)
  Original Language Book Title (non-English) (BO) Geopolitical Locations (GE) Time (TM)
  Book Title (English) (BT) Major Concepts (MC) Title (TI)
  Chemicals & Biochemicals (CB) Organisms (OR) Taxa Notes (TN)
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Default Fields for Display, Print, Email, and Save: The following fields are included by default for each record.

  Abstract (AB) Local Messages (LM) Record Owner (RO)
  Accession Number (AN, UI) Major Concepts (MC) Registry Numbers (RN)
  Author/Editor/Inventor (AU) Meeting Information (MF) Source (SO)
  Biosystematic Codes (BC) Organisms (OR) Super Taxa (ST)
  Chemicals & Biochemicals (CB) Original Title (non-English) (OT) Taxa Notes (TN)
  Concept Codes (CC) Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms (PS) Time (TM)
  Diseases (DS) Patent Country (PC) Title (TI )
  Geopolitical Locations (GE) Publication Type (PT) Update Code (UP)
  Institution (IN) Publisher Information (PI) Year of Publication (YR)
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All Fields for Display, Print, Email, and Save: Use the Select Fields button in the Results Manager at the bottom of the Main Search Page to choose the fields for a record.

  Abstract (AB) Local Messages (LM) Registry Numbers (RN)
  Accession Number (AN, UI) Major Concepts (MC) Source (SO)
  Author/Editor/Inventor (AU) Meeting Information (MF) Super Taxa (ST)
  Biosystematic Codes (BC) Organisms (OR) Taxa Notes (TN)
  Chemicals & Biochemicals (CB) Original Title (non-English) (OT) Time (TM)
  Concept Codes (CC) Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms (PS) Title (TI )
  Diseases (DS) Patent Country (PC) Update Code (UP)
  Gene Name (GN) Publication Type (PT) Year of Publication (YR)
  Geopolitical Locations (GE) Publisher Information (PI)  
  Institution (IN) Record Owner (RO)  
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Elements of Source (SO) Field: Ovid searches the following fields as part of the record source.
  Book Title (English) (BT) Original Language Book Title (non-English) (BO) Volume (VO)
  Date of Publication (DP) Pagination (PG) Year of Publication (YR)
  Issue (IP) Series Title (SE)  
  Journal Name (JN) Series Volume (SV)  
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The following list is sorted alphabetically by the two-letter label, and includes the relevant alias, at least one example for all searchable fields, and a description of the field.
Label Name / Example
AB Abstract [Word Indexed]
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.ab.

 

The Abstract (AB) field contains the abstract text as provided by the author of the source document.  BIOSIS editors provide abstract text for book main citations, those which describe the book as a whole, and for meeting summary and main cite items, which describe the meeting as a whole. 

Stopwords, such as "the" and "of" are not searchable.  You may also notice literal representations of symbols.  These abbreviations were enclosed in periods prior to 1994, for example, .tbd. (= triple bond).  You will find a list of these literals in the BIOSIS Search Guide.  Note also that the character string GRAPHICS appears in place of chemical structures, mathematical formulae and other special symbols which cannot be displayed.

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AF

All Searchable Fields [Display Only]
drug abuse.af.

 

Use All Searchable Fields (AF) to search simultaneously in all fields in this list.

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AN, UI

Accession Number [Phrase Indexed]
bacd19260100000001.an.

 

The Accession Number (AN) index contains a unique identifying number for each item. The Accession Number is composed of three elements: a product identification code (PREV), product year (YYYY), and an item number (nnnnnnnn), as in PREVYYYYnnnnnnnn.

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AU

Author/Editor/Inventor [Phrase Indexed]
abraham.au.

 

The Author/Editor/Inventor (AU) index contains the authors name or organization responsible for the source document. The role and e-mail information for the authors are not present in the index but display in the record.

The format for authors is last name followed by one or more initials: Smith James or Smith J. Enter the last name, or if it is a common name, enter the last name and first initial. If you are unsure of the spelling of the last name (macdonald or mcdonald), enter one version and then scroll through the list of names to find the other.

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BC

Biosystematic Codes [Phrase Indexed]
61200.bc.
gastropoda.bc.

 

The Biosystematic Codes (BC) field contains the BIOSIS Biosystematic Code for an organism(s) and the corresponding organism classifier discussed in the source document.  The Biosystematic Code will be presented in brackets ([]) followed by the organism classifier.  The classifier may also be followed by new taxon, which identifies when new taxa are discussed in the source item.

You can search Biosystematic Codes by name or code.

Note:  The Biosis Previews Archive does not support the use of "new taxon," which is only available from 2003 onwards.

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BO

Original Language Book Title (non-English) [Phrase Indexed]
abnormalities.bo.

 

The Original Language Book Title (non-English) (BO) index contains the non-English title and subtitle of a book. This field does not appear if the source book was published in English or, in the case of titles published in multiple languages, the English language version is the one processed by BIOSIS. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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BT

Book Title (English) [Word Indexed]
hematopoietic.bt.

 

The Book Title (English) (BT) index contains the English-language version of the book title and subtitle. Literalizations are substituted for special characters and symbols. If the Book Title is the result of a BIOSIS translation of a non-English title it appears in square brackets ([]). This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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BU

BIOSIS Update [Phrase Indexed]
"20060101".bu.

 

The BIOSIS Update (BU) index contains the day the item was originally produced by BIOSIS. For items produced 1969 - 1997, BIOSIS Update contains only the year of production. For items produced from 1998 and later, BIOSIS Update contains the month day and year of production.

This field displays as part of the Update Code (UP) field.

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CB

Chemicals & Biochemicals [Phrase Indexed]
r n phenylalanine.cb.

 

The Chemicals & Biochemicals (CB) field contains the name of a chemical or biochemical which is described in the source. Each Chemical/Biochemical name could be followed by one or more of the following modifiers:

Chemical Variant       Chemical Role
CAS Registry Number   Chemical Process
Drug Modifiers   Enzyme Commission number

The modifiers are individually added to the terms to create phrases, as well as being indexed separately. You can search for individual terms or search for terms and modifiers as phrases.

For example if the source data is: p38 kinase: 165245-96-5, regulation you can search the phrase "p38 kinase.cb." or "p38 kinase regulation.cb." to ensure that the modifier "regulation" refers to the term of interest. You can search the modifiers separately, or search a term and modifier as a phrase (as above) to ensure the accuracy of your search.

The Chemical Role is searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Chemical Role in the tool.

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CC

Concept Codes [Phrase Indexed]
10066.cc.
100.cc.

 

The Concept Codes (CC) index contains the five-digit numeric code as well as the code expansions used to represent BIOSIS indexing categories.

You can search Concept Codes by either code or expansion, for example, Behavioral Biology Human behavior.cc. or 07004.cc.

Note that concept code groups are routinely uploaded to the first three digits. Entering the first few letters of the full heading or the first few digits of the code in the index is a particularly effective way to search Concept Codes.

Concept Codes are searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Concept Codes in the tool.

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CI

Chemical Information [Search Alias]

 

The Chemical Information (CI) index contains the Chemicals & Biochemicals (CB) data.

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DP

Date of Publication [Display Only]

 

The Date of Publication (DP) field contains the issue year of the journal. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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DS

Diseases [Phrase Indexed]
1 foreign body granuloma.ds.

 

The Diseases (DS) index contains the name of a plant, animal, or human disease, disorder, or pathological condition as discussed in the source document. Each Disease could be followed by one or more of the following modifiers:

Disease Variant       Disease Affiliation
Disease MeSH Term   Disease Detail

The modifiers are individually added to the terms to create phrases, as well as being indexed separately. You can search for individual terms or search for terms and modifiers as phrases.

For example if the source data is: focal epilepsy: (Epilepsy (MeSH)), nervous system disease, diagnosis You can search the phrase "focal epilepsy diagnosis.ds." to ensure that the modifier "diagnosis" refers to the term of interest. You can search the modifiers separately, or search a term and modifier as a phrase (as above) to ensure the accuracy of your search.

The Disease affiliations are searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Disease Modifiers in the tool.

Disease coverage begins in 1998. 

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GE

Geopolitical Locations [Phrase Indexed]
ivory coast.ge.

 

The Geopolitical Locations (GE) field describes a location or place mentioned in the source document.  Each Geopolitical Location could be followed by one or more of the following modifiers:

  Geographic Variant
  Geopolitical Terms
  Zoogeographical Region

The modifiers are individually added to the terms to create phrases, as well as being indexed separately.  You can search for individual terms or search for terms and modifiers as phrases

For example if the source data is: Edmonton: Alberta, Canada, North America, Nearctic region you can search the phrase edmonton.ge. or edmonton canada.ge. to ensure that the modifier "canada" refers to the term of interest. You can search the modifiers separately, or search a term and modifier as a phrase (as above) to ensure the accuracy of your search.

Geopolitical Locations coverage begins in 1993.  Geopolitical Terms and Zoogeographical Regions are searchable via the Controlled Vocabulary Geographic Classifiers in the tool.

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HW

Heading Words [Word Indexed]
gastropod.hw.
cardiovascular.hw.

 

Sometimes you may wish to retrieve every Subject field that includes a particular word or phrase. You may do this by searching the word or phrase word in the Heading Word (HW) field.

Heading Word includes the fields:

Chemicals & Biochemicals (CB)       Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms (PS)
Concept Codes (CC)   Registry Numbers (RN)
Diseases (DS)   Super Taxa (ST)
Geopolitical Locations (GE)   Taxa Notes (TN)
Major Concepts (MC)   Time (TM)
Organisms (OR)    

Stopwords, which include commonly occurring words such as "of" and "the" will not be indexed. All valid terms in the tool are also included.

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IN

Institution [Word Indexed]
mcgill.in.

 

The Institution (IN) index contains the postal address of the corresponding author of the source document, identified by 'Reprint Author.' The Institution is in the language of the source document, and may include the following information: department name or corporate division, institution or organization name, street address, city, town, country, state or province, zip code or postal code, and country. Institution coverage begins in 1978. The information is taken from the source document and is not standardized. Enter the single most descriptive word in an institution (harvard, not university). Consider both full spellings and abbreviations.

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IP

Issue [Phrase Indexed]
"14".ip.

 

The Issue (IP) index contains the number of the issue of a serial publication of the source item. Supplement information will also appear here when applicable. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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JN

Journal Name [Phrase Indexed]
japan heart jour.jn.

 

The Journal Name (JN) index contains the title of the serial publication of which the source item appears. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

Stopwords such as "of" are included in the JN index, but when "the" is the first word of a journal, it is stripped.

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JX

Journal Words [Word Indexed]
virology nature.jx.
journal of the indian pediatric society.jx.

 

The Journal Word (JX) field contains individual words from every journal name. This field can be used to retrieve every occurrence of a journal which includes a particularly distinctive word or phrase, such as "forestry". A single heavily posted word, such as "journal", will search slowly. Therefore, include such a word within a phrase from the title when appropriate. For example, if you are looking for a title with "pharmaceutical" and  "journal", enter the phrase in one search statement rather than searching each word individually and and then combining the two. Your search statement will look similar to this: (pharmaceutical and journal).jx.

Stopwords such as "the" or "of" are not included.

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LM

Local Messages [Display Only]

 

The Local Messages (LM) field contains messages created by your Ovid System administrator to indicate holdings information about journals held in your library or institution.

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MC

Major Concepts [Phrase Indexed]
allied medical sciences.mc.

 

The Major Concepts (MC) index indicates the broad subject area discussed in the source item. Terms following the colon indicate the broader subject areas.

The modifiers are individually added to the terms to create phrases, as well as being indexed separately. You can search for individual terms or search for terms and modifiers as phrases.

For example if the source data is: Allergy: Clinical Immunology, Human Medicine, Medical Sciences you can search the phrase allergy.mc. or allergy medical sciences.mc. to ensure that the modifier "medical sciences" refers to the term of interest. You can search the modifiers separately, or search a term and modifier as a phrase (as above) to ensure the accuracy of your search.

Major Concepts are searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Major Concept Terms in the tool.

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MF

Meeting Information [Word Indexed]
honolulu.mf.

 

The Meeting Information (MF) index contains the title, location, date or date range of a scientific meeting or conference described in the item or from which the item was taken.

Meeting Title coverage begins in 1969; Location and Date coverage begins in 1993.

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OR

Organisms [Phrase Indexed]
rodentia.or.

 

The Organisms (OR) index contains the name of an organism as given by the author(s) of the source document. Each organism name could be followed by one or more of the following modifiers:

Type of Name       Organism Role
Organism Variant   Fossil Indicator
Organism Variant Type of Name   Gender
Organism New Taxon   Organism Detail
Developmental Stage   Organism Classifier

The modifiers are individually added to the terms to create phrases, as well as being indexed separately. You can search for individual terms or search for terms and modifiers as phrases.

For example if the source data is: Sprague-Dawley rat: adult, male [Muridae] You can search the phrase "sprague-dawley rat.or." or "sprague-dawley rat male.or." to ensure that the modifier "male" refers to the term of interest. You can search the modifiers separately, or search a term and modifier as a phrase (as above) to ensure the accuracy of your search. Organisms coverage begins in 1993.

Taxonomic levels are searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Type of Name, Organism New Taxon is searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary New Taxon Modifiers, Developmental Stages are searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Developmental Stage, Organism Role is searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Organism Role, Fossil Indicator is searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Fossil Modifiers and Gender is searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Gender in the tool.

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OT

Original Title (non-English) [Display Only]

 

The Original Title (non-English) (OT) field contains the non-English title of an item described within the citation, taken from the source item.  Literalizations are substituted for special characters and symbols. The Original Title is indexed in the Title (TI) index. Original Title (non-English) coverage begins in 1998.

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PC

Patent Country [Word Indexed]
ussr.pc.

 

The Patent Country (PC) index contains the name of the country in which the patent was granted.

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PG

Pagination [Word Indexed]
"1303".pg.

 

The Pagination (PG) index contains the total or inclusive pagination for the source document. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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PI

Publisher Information [Word Indexed]
academica.pi.

 

The Publisher Information (PI) index contains the name and address of the publisher who produced the source book. The information is not standardized. Enter the single most descriptive word in an institution (heart not association). Consider both full spellings and abbreviations.

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PS

Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms [Phrase Indexed]
pelvic floor.ps.

 

The Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms (PS) field contains components of organisms above the macromolecular level as discussed in the source document.  Each Part, Structure and System of Organisms could be followed by one or more of the following modifiers:

  Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms Variant
  Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms Organ System
  Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms Detail

The modifiers are individually added to the terms to create phrases, as well as being indexed separately.  You can search for indifidual terms or search for terms and modifiers as phrases.

For example if the source data is: gastrocnemius muscle: muscular system, ultrastructure. You can search the phrase "gastrocnemius muscle.ps." or "gastrocnemius muscle ultrastructure.ps." to ensure that the modifier "ultrastructure" refers to the term of interest. You can search the modifiers separately, or search a term and modifier as a phrase (as above) to ensure the accuracy of your search.

Parts, Structures & Systems of Organisms coverage begins in 1998.  Organ Systems are searchable via the Controlled Vocabulary Organ System Modifiers in the tool.

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PT

Publication Type [Phrase Indexed]
meeting.pt.

 

The Publication Type (PT) index contains one or more terms used to describe the type of the source document.

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RN

Registry Numbers [Phrase Indexed]
"999 81 5".rn.

 

The Registry Numbers (RN) index contains five-to-nine-digit CAS Registry Number's (R) and chemical names for the chemicals discussed in the source document. Beginning in 1993 the Registry Numbers will display with their main terms in the Chemicals and Biochemicals (CB) field.

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RO

Record Owner [Display Only]

 

The Record Owner (RO) field indicates the original producer of the item as well as the copyright holder.

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SE

Series Title [Display Only]

 

The Serials Title (SE) contains the name of the series that the book or item was issued as part of. The Series Title is indexed under Title (TI) and displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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SO

Source
abdomen jour animal morphol and physiol.jn.
"1992".so.

 

The Source (SO) field includes a display of all the basic information needed to locate a citation, including:

Book Title (BT) or Monograph Publisher       Pagination (PG)
Date of Publication (DP)   Series Title (SE)
Issue (IP)   Series Volume (SV)
Journal Name (JN)   Volume (VO)
Original Language Book Title (BO)   Year of Publication (YR)
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ST

Super Taxa [Phrase Indexed]
pisces.st.

 

The Super Taxa (ST) index contains the organism classifier and corresponding BIOSIS Biosystematic Code followed by the high-level taxonomic terms. This permits retrieval of items that refer to broad categories of organisms, including microorganisms. Super Taxa are presented in order from lowest level taxa to highest.

The Super Taxa is searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Super Taxa Terms in the tool.

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SV

Series Volume [Display Only]

 

The Series Volume (SV) field contains the volume number or other sequential designation of the source book. The Series Volume field is indexed under Volume (VO) and displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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TI

Title [Word Indexed]
dna.ti.

 

The Title (TI) index contains the English-language title that is described within the citation. Literalizations are substituted for special characters and symbols, such as 'alpha' for Greek letter alpha and 'fwdarw' for a forward arrow.

Stopwords such as "of" or "the" display in documents but do not appear in the TI index. However, the word "a," which is a stopword in other fields, CAN be searched in titles.

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TM

Time [Phrase Indexed]
jurassic.tm.
cambrian paleozoic.tm.

 

The Time (TM) index contains a geological time period or era mentioned in the source document. Each geological time period could be followed by one or more of the following modifiers:

  Geologic Time Classifier
  Geologic Time Detail

The modifiers are individually added to the terms to create phrases, as well as being indexed separately. You can search for individual terms of search for terms and modifiers as phrases.

For example if the source data is: Quaternary: Cenozoic you can search the phrase "quaternary".tm. or "quaternary cenozoic".tm. to ensure that the modifier "cenozoic" refers to the term of interest.

The Geologic Time Classifiers are searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Geologic Time Classifier in the tool.

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TN

Taxa Notes [Phrase Indexed]
marsupials.tn.
nonvascular plants.tn.

 

The Taxa Notes (TN) index contains the organism classifier followed by common names of broad groups of organisms and microorganisms discussed in the source document.

The Taxa Notes are searchable by means of the Controlled Vocabulary Taxa Note Terms in the tool.

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TW

Textword [AB, HW, TI]
ultrastructure.tw.

 

The Textword (TW) index includes all of the fields in a database which contain text words and are appropriate for a subject search.

The Textword index includes:

  Abstract (AB)
  Heading Words (HW)
  Title (TI)
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UP

Update Code [Phrase Indexed]
"196800".up.

 

The Update Code (UP) field contains a six-digit number indicating the year and week of the update. The format is YYYYWW, where WW indicates the week in which the document was added. For example, 200316 signifies the 16th week of 2003.

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VO

Volume [Phrase Indexed]
"123".vo.

 

The Volume (VO) index contains the volume number or other sequential designation of the serial publication of the source item. This index also includes the Series Volume information. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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YR

Year of Publication [Phrase Indexed]
"1962".yr.

 

The Year of Publication (YR) index contains the publication year as it appears within the source document. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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Advanced Searching
You can use special search syntax to combine search terms or strategically develop a search.
Operator Syntax Search Example Sample Results
OR x or y vitamin c or ascorbic acid "Changes in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and glutathione in corn seeds sprouting at low temperatures"

 

The OR operator retrieves records that contain any or all of the search terms. You can use the OR operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
AND x and y vitamin c and ascorbic acid "Acute vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs strongly enhances the overall activity of DNase II in liver, spleen, skeletal muscles and testis. This stimulation is directly related to the lack of ascorbic acid and not to the state of chornic starvation..."

 

The AND operator retrieves only those records that include all of the search terms. Results are exclusive of records that do not contain both of these terms. You can use the AND operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
NOT x not y phosphatase not acid "Isoenzyme patterns for alkaline phosphatase"

 

The NOT operator retrieves records that contain the first search term and excludes the second search term. In this way, you can use the NOT operator to restrict results to a specific topic.
You can use the NOT operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
Adjacency (ADJ) x y Acid phosphatase "Alkaline and acid phosphatases in the silk glands of Bombyx mori L"

 

The Adjacent operator (ADJ) retrieves records with search terms next to each other.You do not need to separate search terms manually by inserting ADJ between them, because when you separate terms with a space on the command line, Ovid automatically searches for the terms adjacent to one another.
Defined Adjacency (ADJn) x ADJn y phosphatase adj3 embryo "Electron microscope identification of acid phosphatase in the chick embryo liver"

 

The defined adjacency operator (ADJn) retrieves records that contain search terms within a specified number (n) of words from each other in any order. To use the adjacency operator, separate your search terms with ADJ and a number from 1 to 99.
Frequency (FREQ) x.ab./FREQ=n blood.ab./freq=5 "The results reaffirm the non-Newtonian and thixotropic flow characteristics of blood and indicate that various constituents of blood may play a dominant role in the blood rheology..."

 

The frequency operator (FREQ) lets you specify a threshold of occurrence of a term in the records retrieved from your search. Records containing your search term are retrieved only if the term occurs at least the specified (n) number of times. In general, records that contain many instances of your search term are more relevant than records that contain fewer instances. The frequency operator is particularly useful when searching a text field, such as Abstract or Full Text, for a common word or phrase.
Unlimited Truncation ($) x$ rat$ "New mammal records from Rajasthan [Rattus glea-dowi, Pipistrellus dormeri] "

 

Unlimited truncation retrieves all possible suffix variations of the root word indicated. To apply unlimited truncation to a term, type the root word or phrase followed by either of the truncation characters: $ (dollar sign) or : (colon).
Limited Truncation ($) x$n dog$1 "Diseases of the mouth and esophagus [cat, dog]"

 

Limited truncation specifies a maximum number of characters that may follow the root word or phrase. For example, the truncated search dog$1 retrieves results with the words dog and dogs; but it does not retrieve results with the word dogma.
Mandated Wildcard (#) xx#y wom#n "Rubella neutralizing antibodies in pregnant women of Sao Paulo"

 

Searching with a mandated wildcard retrieves all possible variations of a word in which the wildcard is present in the specified place. You can use it at the end of a term to limit results to only those that contain the word plus the mandated character. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word.
Optional Wildcard (?) xx?y colo?r "The relation of soil color to the content of organic matter"

 

The optional wild card character (?) can be used within or at the end of a search term to substitute for one or no characters. This wild card is useful for retrieving documents with British and American word variants since it specifies that you want retrieval whether or not the extra character is present. For example, the optional wild card search colo?r retrieves results that contain the words color or colour. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word.
Literal String ("") "x - y"
"x / y"

"hot - cold"

"A low inertia hot-cold microscope stage"

"n"

"3".vo

"BEITR NEOTROP FAUNA. 3(1). 1963. 20-33."

 

Quotation marks can be used to retrieve records that contain literal strings, when the string includes special characters, such as a forward slash (/).

Quotation marks can also be used to retrieve records that contain numbers that may otherwise be confused for earlier searches. In the example, a search for 3.vo would limit the string from your third search in your search history to the volume field. By including the number in quotation marks, the search will retrieve documents with a 3 in the volume number.

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Stopwords
Stopwords are words of little intrinsic meaning that occur too frequently to be useful in searching text. You cannot search for the following stopwords by themselves, but you can include them within phrases by placing the entire phrase within quotation marks.
a by having neither seem those
about can how no seen through
after could however nor several thus
again did if not should to
all do in obtain show under
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Limits
The following limits are available for this database. See Database Limits in the OvidSP Online Help for details on applying limits.

Limit

Syntax
Abstracts Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to abstracts
Command Syntax: ..l/1 ab=y
  The Abstract (AB) index contains the abstract text as provided by the author of the source document. BIOSIS editors provide abstract text for book main citations, those which describe the book as a whole, and for meeting summary and main cite items, which describe the meeting as a whole. Abstract coverage begins in 1976. The abstract index contains all searchable words from the abstract. Stopwords such as "the" and "of" are not searchable. You may also notice literal representations of symbols. These abbreviations were enclosed in periods prior to 1994, for example, .tbd. (= triple bond). You will find a list of these literals in the BIOSIS Search Guide. Note also that the character string GRAPHICS appears in place of chemical structures, mathematical formulae and other special symbols which cannot be displayed.
Animals Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to animals
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A limit to Disease will present a list of diseases to choose from. Disease limits limits work on all records from 1998 forward. Some records before 1998 also work with this limit.

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Command Syntax: ..l/1 hu=y
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Plants Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to plants
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Protozoa Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to ciliata
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Command Syntax: ..l/1 yr=1948
  You can restrict retrieval to any of the years which this database segment covers. If you choose this option, you will be prompted to enter the desired year; the format is 4 digits ("2003") or a range ("2001-2006").
States, Provinces and Territories Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to alberta
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A limit to States, Provinces, and Territories will present a list of each state, territory, district, and province in the United States, Canada and Australia. States, Provinces, and Territories limits work on all records from 1993 forward. Some records before 1993 also work with this limit.

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Virus Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to viruses
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  A limit to Viruses will present a lis of 4 modifiers from which to select: Animal Viruses, Bacterial Viruses, Plant Viruses or Viruses, which include all the previous modifiers.
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Tools
The following Search Tools are available for this database. For specific information on using these tools, refer to the Ovid Gateway Help.
  • Permuted Index
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  • Tree: If you are unsure of what term to use, or if the search term you are using doesn't work, you can use one of these terms to enter the tree:

    Major Concepts

         

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    New Taxon Modifiers

     

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Changing to this Database

Search Labels: See the Segmentation information in this field guide for applicable database segment labels.

Use the Change Database link to change to and from Thomson Scientific BIOSIS segments.

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Sample Documents
Sample 1
Accession Number
  BACD19674800077652
Record Owner
  Copyright (c) 2006 Thomson.
Author/Editor/Inventor ARNOLD, G. P. [Author]. Institution Fish. Lab., Lowestoft, Suffolk, Engl., UK. Title Observations on Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas) (Crustacea, Notostraca) in East Greenland Source ANN MAG NATUR HIST. 9(106/108). 1966. 599-617. Publication Type Article. Concept Codes [63554] Invertebrata: general and systematic - Arthropoda: Crustacea Abstract L. arcticus is a Notostracan crustacean crustacean occurring in temporary freshwater ponds and lakes in the Arctic, where it has a circumpolar distribution. Its range in Europe extends into southern Norway, where it is an arctic relict form, rarely occurring below 1000 m. The area in East Greenland (Kjove Land) where these observations were made is described. Digging and feeding behavior is described, with notes on interactions between individuals, ecdysis life history, predation, and local distribution, and comparisons with the behavior of Triops cancriformis. The behavioror is very similar. The absence of males suggests that the East Greenland population of L. arcticus is hermaphrodite. Its uneven local distribution is best explained by dispersal by avian predators. The sp. would provide good material for a study of the environmental adaptations of an overwintering egg. ABSTRACT AUTHORS: A. K. Winner Major Concepts Systematics and Taxonomy Biosystematic Codes [85500] Aves [75102] Branchiopoda [75100] Crustacea Super Taxa [85500] Aves, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia [75102] Branchiopoda, Crustacea, Arthropoda, Invertebrata, Animalia [75100] Crustacea, Arthropoda, Invertebrata, Animalia Taxa Notes Aves: Animals, Birds, Chordates, Nonhuman Vertebrates, Vertebrates; Branchiopoda: Animals, Arthropods, Crustaceans, Invertebrates; Crustacea: Animals, Arthropods, Crustaceans, Invertebrates Organisms avian: common [Aves]; Lepidurus arcticus: species [Branchiopoda]; Triops cancriformis: species [Branchiopoda]; Notostraca: higher_taxa [Branchiopoda]; Crustacea: higher_taxa [Crustacea]; crustacean: common [Crustacea] Geopolitical Locations Norway: Europe, Palearctic region; Greenland: Nearctic region; Europe: Palearctic region Year of Publication 1966 Update Code 196700. BIOSIS Update: 20060101.
Sample 2
Accession Number
  BACD19684900102306
Record Owner
  Copyright (c) 2006 Thomson.
Author/Editor/Inventor 
  MISHRA, M. D. [Author]; GHOSH, A. [Author]; 
  RAYCHAUDHURI, S. P. [Author].
Institution 
  Div. Mycol., and Plant Pathol., Indian Agr. Res. Inst., 
  New Delhi, Delhi, India.
Title 
  Inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus infection by coumarin
Source
  ACTA VIROL. 12(2). 1968. 173-176.
Publication Type 
  Article.
Concept Codes 
  [54516] Phytopathology - Disease control
Abstract
  Coumarin inhibited the infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (CPO 
  strain) to the extent of 57.5% when mixed with the inoculum at the 
  concentration of 500 ppm. Pre- and post-inoculation sprays of 
  Chenopodium amaranticolor leaves were equally effective in inhibiting
  the local lesion formation. Maximum inhibition of 51.06% and 57.60% 
  was obtained when inoculations were made just before and just after
  the spraying, respectively. The inhibition was subsequently reduced
  to 34.10% and 26.07%, at 48 hr. of interval before and after
  inoculation, respectively. Pre-inoculation root-dips of tomato
  seedlings in 25 and 12.5 ppm of coumarin for 2 hr. delayed the
  appearance of symptoms by 14 and 9 days, respectively, with the
  corresponding decrease in the virus contents in vivo by 66% and 33.4%.
  The symptoms were milder in treated plants. Pre-inoculation root-dips
  of Datura stramonium seedlings at 25 ppm of coumarin for 6 hr.
  resulted in 92.5% inhibition of local lesion formation.
  ABSTRACT AUTHORS: Authors
Major Concepts  
  Botany 
Biosystematic Codes 
  [25795] Chenopodiaceae
  [11000] Plantae
  [03600] Positive Sense ssRNA Viruses
  [26775] Solanaceae
  [03000] Viruses
Super Taxa  
  [25795] Chenopodiaceae, Dicotyledones, Angiospermae, Spermatophyta, Plantae
  [11000] Plantae, Plantae
  [03600] Positive Sense ssRNA Viruses, Viruses, Microorganisms
  [26775] Solanaceae, Dicotyledones, Angiospermae, Spermatophyta, Plantae
  [03000] Viruses, Microorganisms
Taxa Notes  
  Chenopodiaceae: Angiosperms, Dicots, Plants, Spermatophytes, Vascular Plants; 
  Plantae: Plants;
  Positive Sense ssRNA Viruses: Microorganisms, Positive Sense Single-Stranded
  RNA Viruses, Viruses;
  Solanaceae: Angiosperms, Dicots, Plants, Spermatophytes, Vascular Plants;
  Viruses: Microorganisms, Viruses
Organisms  
  Chenopodium amaranticolor: species [Chenopodiaceae];
  plants: common [Plantae]; 
  TMV: common, Tobacco mosaic virus, species [Positive Sense ssRNA Viruses];
  tobacco: common [Solanaceae]; 
  Datura stramonium: species [Solanaceae]; 
  tomato: common [Solanaceae]; 
  virus: common [Viruses]
Diseases  
  infection: (Infection (MeSH)), infectious disease; 
  tobacco mosaic virus infection: Infection, disease; 
  tobacco mosaic: viral disease
Year of Publication 
  1968
Update Code 
  196800. BIOSIS Update: 20060101.
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