Evidence Based Medicine Reviews:
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCTR)
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The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) is a highly concentrated source of reports of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Most CENTRAL records are taken from bibliographic databases (mainly PubMed and Embase.com), but records are also derived from other published and unpublished sources, including CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. CENTRAL first began publication in 1996, but its composite nature means that it does not have an inception (start) date, in the way that other traditional biomedical databases do.

In addition to bibliographic details (author, source, year, etc.) CENTRAL records will often include an abstract (a summary of the article). They do not contain the full text of the article. Records are included irrespective of language or date of publication.

All Cochrane Review Groups, and a few Cochrane Fields, maintain a collection of reports of controlled trials relevant to its own area of interest; these are called Specialized Registers. Unique content (i.e. records not already identified in PubMed, etc.) from these Specialized Registers is published in CENTRAL. Groups may also collect items that are not relevant to the individual fields of interest, and these 'handsearch results' are also added to CENTRAL. Some Cochrane Centres search the general healthcare literature of their countries or regions and also contribute records to CENTRAL.

Segments and Years of Coverage
Name   Years of Coverage
CCTR   1991 - present

The limit of databases that you can select for a multifile search session is based upon database segments rather than actual databases. The Ovid multifile segment limit is set at 120 to avoid impacting your search sessions. This database includes 1 segment.

This database is updated online monthly.

Fields
The following list is sorted alphabetically by field alias. Click a field name to see the description and search information.
All Fields in this Database
  Abstracts (AB) Floating Subject Headings (FS) Publisher (PB)
  Accession Number (AN) Institution (IN) Source (SO)
  All Searchable Fields (AF) ISSN (IS) Study Design (SD)
  Author (AU) Issue/Part (IP) Study Name (SN)
  Cinahl Accession Number (CA) Journal Name (JN) Subject Heading Word (HW)
  Cochrane Group Name (GC) Journal Word (JW) Text Word (TW)
  Conference Date (CD) Keywords (KW) Title (TI)
  Conference Location (CL) Language (LG) Trial Registration Number (TN)
  Date Added to CENTRAL (DL) MeSH Headings (SH) Update Code (UP)
  DOI (DO) Original Title (OT) Update Flag (UF)
  Edition (EY) Page (PG) Volume (VO)
  Editor (ED) Place of Publication (CP) Year of Publication (YR)
  External Accession Number (EN) PMC Identifier (PM)  
  Issue Added to CENTRAL (IL) Publication Type (PT)  
Default Fields for Unqualified Searches (MP): Searching for a term without specifying a field in Advanced search, or specifying .mp., defaults to the following ‘multi-purpose’ (.mp.) fields for this database:ti,ab,hw.
  Abstracts (AB) MeSH Headings (SH) Subject Heading Word (HW)
  Keywords (KW) Original Title (OT) Title (TI)
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Default Fields for Display, Print, Email, and Save: The following fields are included by default for each record.

  Abstracts (AB) Institution (IN) Study Design (SD)
  Accession Number (AN) ISSN (IS) Study Name (SN)
  Author (AU) Keywords (KW) Source (SO)
  Cochrane Group Name (GC) MeSH Headings (SH) Title (TI)
  Editor (ED) Original Title (OT) Update Flag (UF)
  External Accession Number (EN) Publication Type (PT)  
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All Fields for Display, Print, Email, and Save: Use the Select Fields button in the Results Manager at the bottom of the Main Search Page to choose the fields for a record.

  Abstracts (AB) Institution (IN) Study Design (SD)
  Accession Number (AN) ISSN (IS) Study Name (SN)
  Author (AU) Keywords (KW) Source (SO)
  Cochrane Group Name (GC) Language (LG) Title (TI)
  Edition (EY) MeSH Headings (SH) Update Flag (UF)
  Editor (ED) Original Title (OT)  
  External Accession Number (EN) Publication Type (PT)  
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Elements of Source (SO) Field: Ovid searches the following fields as part of the record source.
  Conference Date (CD) Issue/Part (IP) Publisher (PB)
  Conference Location (CL) Journal Name (JN) Volume (VO)
  Edition (EY) Page (PG) Year of Publication (YR)
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The following list is sorted alphabetically by the two-letter label, and includes the relevant alias, at least one example for all searchable fields, and a description of the field.
Label Name / Example
AB Abstracts [Word Indexed]
nsaids.ab.
substance abuse.ab.
 

The Abstract (AB) field includes author-written abstracts when they are available. Individual words are indexed in the abstracts field. Enter a single word or phrase to be searched in the abstracts.

Stopwords such as "a" or "the" are not searchable in the Abstracts field.

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AF All Searchable Fields [Search Alias]
heart.af.
 

All Fields (AF) is an alias for all of the fields which occur in the source documents, including value-added fields such as Abstract (AB).

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AN Accession Number [Phrase Indexed]
cn-00298133.an.
 

The Accession Number (AN) field contains an 8-digit number which uniquely identifies a record in the Cochrane Library database. All accession numbers are preceded by the letters CN, as in cn-00298133.an.

Additionally, if the record has been newly added since the last database update, the Update Flag (UF) "NEW" will display after the accession number. Search new.uf. to retrieve all of the most recently added citations.

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AU Author [Word Indexed]
raymond eg.au.
mann$.au.
 

The Author (AU) field contains the names of all authors, as well as editors, of an article or publication. The author field is indexed in the format of last name followed by first and middle names or initials, as they appeared in the original article. Thus, a person named James Charles Smith may appear as Smith James C, Smith J. Charles, Smith JC, or Smith J. Note that editor names will display in a separate field from the author names.

Enter the last name to search the index. If you are unsure of the spelling of the last name, enter one version and you will be able to scroll through the list of names to find the other.

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CA Cinahl Accession Number [Phrase Indexed]
  The Cinahl Accession Number (CA) field contains unique identifier assigned to each Cinahl record.
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CD Conference Date [Word Indexed]
october.cd.
1989.cd.
  The Conference Date (CD) field contains the date, month, and/or year for a given conference. Conference information displays in the Source (SO) field.
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CL Conference Location [Word Indexed]
san diego.cl.
wiesbaden.cl.
  The Conference Location (CL) field includes the country and/or city where a conference took place. This field displays in the Source (SO) field.
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CP Place of Publication [Word Indexed]
new orleans la usa.cp.
london uk.cp.
  The Place of Publication (CP) exists for monograph records and contains the city or country of where the item was published. Place of Publication displays as part of the Source (SO) field.
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DL Date Added to CENTRAL [Word Indexed]
  The Date Added to CENTRAL (DL) field contains the date of the data being added to Central.
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DO DOI [Phrase Indexed]
  The DOI (DO) field contains the Digital Object Identifier - a unique and persistent digital identification code for any object of intellectual property. The DOI itself consists of two parts: a prefix which is assigned to each publisher by the administrative DOI agency, e.g., "10.1001", and a suffix which is assigned by the publisher and can be any code that the publisher chooses, e.g., "archderm.139.3.325". The full DOI appears as such: "10.1001/archderm.139.3.325"
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ED Editor [Display Only]
  The Editor (ED) field exists for monograph records and contains the name of the editor of the work in the format of last name followed by first name or initials. This field is for display purposes only; but note that editor names can be searched in the Author (AU) index.
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EN External Accession Number [Phrase Indexed]
999485.en.
 

The External Accession Number (EN) field may contain the Medline unique identifier, the Embase accession number, or both. In cases where a record exists in both databases, the Medline record is the one chosen for inclusion in the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and the Embase accession number is provided along with the Medline unique identifier in the EN field.

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EY Edition [Word Indexed]
c003.ey.
  The Edition (EY) field exists for monograph records and displays in the Source (SO) field.
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FS Floating Subject Headings [Phrase Indexed]
ve.fs.
vi.fs.
 

SubHeadings are qualifiers added to MeSH subject headings to refine their meaning. Terms such as "etiology" or "therapy", when combined with a MeSH heading, give a very precise idea of what an article covers.

The Floating Subheadings (FS) field contains the 2-letter codes, such as "po" for poisoning, as well as the full name of the subheading.

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GC Cochrane Group Name [Phrase Indexed]
cochrane heart group.gc.
 

The Cochrane Group Name (GC) field indicates which Cochrane review group has the reference in their specialized register. The Cochrane group is responsible for ensuring that the study is assessed for a Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Group Name field is phrase indexed and contains the full name of the Cochrane group.

Example: Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Group

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HW Subject Heading Word [Word Indexed]
asthma.hw.
 

Sometimes you may want to retrieve every MeSH subject heading that includes a particular word; this is done by searching the single word in the Subject Heading Word (HW) field.

The HW index also includes words from the Keyword (KW) index and can serve as a single access point for searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and all other CCTR records that have subject terms provided.

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IL Issue Added to CENTRAL [Word Indexed]
 

The Issue Added to CENTRAL (IL) field contains the date of the data being issued to Central.

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IN Institution [Word Indexed]
university of lethbridge.in.
 

The Institution (IN) field contains the primary author's affiliation, which is usually the source for a reprint of the article. Institution can include mailing address, email address, and other contact information.

Information is taken from the source document and is not standardized. Enter the single most descriptive word in an institution ("harvard", not "university"). Consider both full spellings and abbreviations.

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IP Issue/Part [Word Indexed]
young.ip.
  The Issue/Part field (IP) contains the issue and/or part for a particular volume of a journal. The IP field usually displays as part of the Source (SO) field.
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IS ISSN [Phrase Indexed]
0013-9580.is.
  The ISSN field (IS) contains the International Standard Serial Number for the journal in which the document was published.
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JN Journal Name [Phrase Indexed]
obstetrics & gynecology.jn.
 

The Journal Name (JN) field contains the full or abbreviated name of the journal in which the article was published. Journal names are indexed as phrases, so enter enough letters of the journal name to locate the name in the index: new engl (for New England Journal of Medicine)

Stopwords, such as "of" ARE included in the JN index, but when "the" is the first word of a journal, it has been stripped.

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JW Journal Word [Word Indexed]
obstetrics.jw.
 

The Journal Word (JW) field contains individual words from every journal name in The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register.

Stopwords such as "of" and "the" are not included. This field is used to retrieve every occurrence of a journal which includes a particular word, such as "obstetrics".

Back 
KW Keywords [Word Indexed]
clinical trial.kw.
 

The Keyword (KW) field contains subject headings and other descriptors for non-Medline records (i.e. records originating from EMBASE or other sources).

Stopwords such as "of" and "the" are not indexed. For the best subject retrieval, search the MeSH Subject Headings field (SH) and the KW field.

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LG Language [Word Indexed]
russian.lg.
  The Language (LG) field contains the original language or languages of the document.
Back 
OT Original Title [Word Indexed]
zywieniowych.ot.
  The Original Title (OT) includes any non-English title in the original language. If the original title was in a non-Roman alphabet, then the OT is transliterated.
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PB Publisher [Word Indexed]
zuckerschwerdt.pb.
  The Publisher (PB) field exists for monograph records and contains the name of the publisher. PB is word indexed and displays as part of the Source (SO) field.
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PG Page [Phrase Indexed]
133.pg.
  The first page on which an article appears is indexed in the Page (PG) field. Often a journal title combined with the page number is enough to locate a citation.
Back 
PM PMC Identifier [Phrase Indexed]
  The PMC Identifier (PM) is a unique alpha-numeric code. In particular, it will contain the PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID), where the alphabetical prefix 'PMC' precedes the identifier. If the publisher has embargoed access to the full text, the date of availability in PubMed Central will be noted. When the embargo is lifted, a revised record with the date of availability removed will be released.
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PT Publication Type [Phrase Indexed]
journal article.pt.
 

The Publication Type (PT) field indicates the form of literature indexed. To view the index, enter enough letters to distinguish a publication type (jour for "journal article"); the entire index is quickly scrollable to determine all possible publication types.

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SD Study Design [Phrase Indexed]
randomized control trial.sd.
 

The Study Design (SD) field contains the type of study, which is "randomized controlled trial","non-randomised controlled trials", "controlled before-after", or "interrupted-time-series" as assigned by the Cochrane Group.

Note that these phrases are sometimes found in the Publication Type field of Medline records, but the National Library of Medicine and the Cochrane Collaboration do not use them in the same way so they may differ at times.

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SH MeSH Headings [Phrase Indexed]
abdominal abscess.sh.
 

The MeSH Heading (SH) field exists for those records that originated from the MEDLINE database. The field contains the Medical Subject Headings used by indexers at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to describe the content of an article. NLM's MeSH terms are organized in a hierarchy—or "tree" structure.

MeSH headings are entered into the index as phrases and should be searched as they appear in the NLM MeSH books or in our Tree display. Note that the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register database also includes a number of records that originate from EMBASE and other sources. Though many of the non-MEDLINE records have subject headings, these are not included in the MeSH Heading field and must instead be searched in the Keywords (KW) field.

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SN Study Name [Word Indexed]
sales.sn.
 

The Study Name (SN) field describes the name of the study.

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SO Source [Word Indexed]
new england journal of medicine.so.
italy.so.
 

The Source (SO) field provides a display of all the basic information needed to locate a citation, including the full Journal Name (JN), Publisher (PB), Volume (VO), Issue/Part (IP), Page (PG), Edition (EY), and Year of Publication (YR), as well as Conference Date (CD) and Conference Location (CL) (if they exist).

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TI Title [Word Indexed]
sarcoma.ti.
 

The Title (TI) field contains the English language version of a title. For documents which were not written in English, the original or transliterated title appears in a separate field, Original Title (OT).

Stopwords such as "of" or "the" will display in documents but do not appear in the Title index. However, the word "a", which is a stopword in other fields CAN be searched in titles.

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TN Trial Registration Number [Word Indexed]
 

The Trial Registration Number (TN) contains the clinical trial number associated with the record.

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TW Text Word [Word Indexed]
virus.tw.
 

The Textword (TW) field is an alias for all of the fields in a database which contain text words and which are appropriate for a subject search.

The Textword field in CCTR includes Title (TI) and Abstract (AB).

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UF Update Flag [Phrase Indexed]
new.uf.
  The Update Flag (UF) field contains the word New if the record has been newly added since the last database update. Search new.uf. to retrieve all of the most recently added citations. Note also that the Update Flag displays in the Accession Number (AN) field.
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UP Update Code [Phrase Indexed]
201203.up.
  The Update Code (UP) field indicates the year and month in which the record was added to the OvidSP database and is in YYYYMM format.
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VO Volume [Word Indexed]
xxv.vo.
  The Volume (VO) field consists of the volume and issue of a serial publication. This field usually displays as part of the Source (SO) field.
Back 
YR Year of Publication [Phrase Indexed]
2001.yr.
  The Year of Publication (YR) field contains the year in which an article or monograph was published. Only four-digit years appear in this index.
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Advanced Searching
You can use special search syntax listed below to combine search terms or strategically develop a search. Full documentation is provided in the Advanced Searching Techniques section of the Online Help.
Operator Syntax Search Example
OR x or y vitamin c or ascorbic acid

 

The OR operator retrieves records that contain any or all of the search terms. For example, the search heart attack or myocardial infarction retrieves results that contain the terms heart attack, myocardial infarction or both terms; results are all inclusive. You can use the OR operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
AND x and y vitamin c and ascorbic acid

 

The AND operator retrieves only those records that include all of the search terms. For example, the search blood pressure and stroke retrieves results that contain the term blood pressure and the term stroke together in the same record; results are exclusive of records that do not contain both of these terms. You can use the AND operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
NOT x not y vitamin c not ascorbic acid

 

The NOT operator retrieves records that contain the first search term and excludes the second search term. For example, the search health reform not health maintenance organizations retrieves only those records that contain the term health reform but excludes the term health maintenance organizations. In this way, you can use the NOT operator to restrict results to a specific topic.
You can use the NOT operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
Adjacency (ADJ) x y autism aspergers

 

The Adjacent operator (ADJ) retrieves records with search terms next to each other in that specific order. You do not need to separate search terms manually by inserting ADJ between them, because when you separate terms with a space on the command line, Ovid automatically searches for the terms adjacent to one another. For example, the search blood pressure is identical to the search blood adj pressure.
Defined Adjacency (ADJn) x ADJn y autism adj3 aspergers

 

The defined adjacency operator (ADJn) retrieves records that contain search terms within a specified number (n-1) of words from each other in any order (stop-words included). To use the adjacency operator, separate your search terms with ADJ and a number from 1 to 99 as explained below:

           ADJ1     Next to each other, in any order
           ADJ2     Next to each other, in any order, up to 1 word in between
           ADJ3     Next to each other, in any order, up to 2 words in between
           ADJ99   Next to each other, in any order, up to 98 words in between

For example, the search physician adj5 relationship retrieves records that contain the words physician and relationship with a maximum of four words in between in either direction. This particular search retrieves records containing such phrases as physician patient relationship, patient physician relationship, or relationship between cancer patient and physician.
Please note Ovid’s order of operation handles terms within parentheses first. Therefore it is recommended to apply the ADJn operator in one-on-one operations to avoid missing out on results. E.g. stroke adj4 (blood pressure or high blood pressure) could potentially miss out on some combinations of stroke with high blood pressure. The optimum way to execute this on Ovid is: (stroke adj4 blood pressure) OR (stroke adj4 high blood pressure).
Frequency (FREQ) x.ab./FREQ=n blood.ab. /freq=5

 

The frequency operator (FREQ) lets you specify a threshold of occurrence of a term in the records retrieved from your search. Records containing your search term are retrieved only if the term occurs at least the specified (n) number of times. In general, records that contain many instances of your search term are more relevant than records that contain fewer instances. The frequency operator is particularly useful when searching a text field, such as Abstract or Full Text, for a common word or phrase.
Unlimited Truncation ($) x$ rat$

 

Unlimited truncation retrieves all possible suffix variations of the root word indicated. To apply unlimited truncation to a term, type the root word or phrase followed by either of the truncation characters: $ (dollar sign) or * (asterisk). For example, in the truncated search rat*, Ovid retrieves the word rat as well as the words rats, and more.
Limited Truncation ($) x$n dog$1

 

Limited truncation specifies a maximum number of characters that may follow the root word or phrase. For example, the truncated search dog$1 retrieves results with the words dog and dogs; but it does not retrieve results with the word dogma.
Mandated Wildcard (#) xx#y wom#n

 

Searching with a mandated wildcard retrieves all possible variations of a word in which the wildcard is present in the specified place. You can use it at the end of a term to limit results to only those that contain the word plus the mandated character. For example, the search dog# retrieves results that contain the word dogs, but not those that contain the word dog, effectively limiting results to only those that contain the plural form of the word. The mandated wild card character (#) is also useful for retrieving specialized plural forms of a word. For example, the search wom#n retrieves results that contain both woman and women. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word.
Optional Wildcard (?) xx?y colo?r

 

The optional wild card character (?) can be used within or at the end of a search term to substitute for one or no characters. This wild card is useful for retrieving documents with British and American word variants since it specifies that you want retrieval whether or not the extra character is present. For example, the optional wild card search colo?r retrieves results that contain the words color or colour. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word.
Literal String ("") "x / y" "black / white"
"n" "3".vo

 

Quotation marks can be used to retrieve records that contain literal strings, when the string includes special characters, such as a forward slash (/).

Quotation marks can also be used to retrieve records that contain numbers that may otherwise be confused for earlier searches. In the example, a search for 3.vo would limit the string from your third search in your search history to the volume field. By including the number in quotation marks, the search will retrieve documents with a 3 in the volume number.

Romper Searching “use coch,acp,dare,cca,cctr,clcmr,clhta,cleed"

 

The Romper searching can be done only on single segments or a group of single segments.

If you are searching for a multi-file of ebmz you can put in any or all the segments that make up ebmz. For example, command “dog.ti use coch,acp,dare,cca,cctr,clcmr,clhta,cleed" to include any or all segments of ebmz.

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Stopwords
The Ovid search engine applies so called "run-time stopword processing". This means the search engine on the fly ignores the stopwords: and, as, by, for, from, in, is, of, on, that, the, this, to, was, were & with.

Therefore a search: at risk for diabetes.ti will also find: at risk of diabetes. The distance of one word in between is kept, but the stopword "for" is ignored.

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Limits
The following limits are available for this database. See Database Limits in the OvidSP Online Help for details on applying limits.

Limit

Syntax
Abstracts Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to abstracts
  A limit to Abstracts restricts retrieval to documents that include abstracts.
All EBMR Article Reviews Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to all ebmr article reviews
  A limit to All EBMR Article Reviews restricts retrieval to those articles for which a review exists in either the ACP Journal Club or DARE databases. In other words, the studies and articles have been reviewed by either the ACP Journal Club or BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine publications or by the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination Reviewers at the University of York, England.

Use this limit if you are interested in restricting your retrieval only to reviews of individual studies or articles.

Article Reviews <ACP Journal Club> Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to article reviews <acp journal club>
 

A limit to Article Reviews will restrict your retrieval to those articles for which a review exists in the ACP Journal Club database. In other words, the studies and articles have been reviewed by either the ACP Journal Club or BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine publications.

Use this limit if you are interested in restricting your retrieval only to reviews of individual studies or articles.

Article Reviews <DARE> Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to article reviews <dare>
 

A limit to Article Reviews will restrict your retrieval to those articles for which a review exists in the DARE database.

Use this limit if you are interested in restricting your retrieval only to reviews of individual studies or articles.

Cochrane Group Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to cochrane stroke group
  A limit to Cochrane Group restricts retrieval to those records which were submitted for inclusion in CCTR by a particular Cochrane Group.

Upon selecting this limit you will be presented with an alphabetical list of Cochrane Group names from which to choose.

Embase Records Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to embase records
  A limit to Embase records restricts retrieval to those records which originated from the Excerpta Medica database. The Embase accession number is displayed in the External Accession Number (EN) field.
Evidence Based Medicine Reviews Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to evidence based medicine reviews
  A limit to Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews restricts retrieval to those articles or studies that have been included by the Cochrane Collaboration when creating a Topic Review or articles that have been reviewed in the ACP Journal Club or BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine publications or in the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE). By their inclusion in these publications, these studies have met strict Evidence-Based Medicine criteria.

Use this limit to narrow a large search to only those articles or studies which are considered "Evidence-Based" by experts and for which an article or topic review exists.

Full Text Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to  Full Text
  A limit to Full Text restricts retrieval to those records that have links to full text. Both Ovid full text and external full text are included in this limit.
Latest Update Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to latest update
  Select this limit to restrict retrieval to those records which have been added since the last update of the database.
Medline Records Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to medline records
  A limit to Medline records will restrict retrieval to those records which originated from NLM's Medline database. The Medline unique identifier is displayed in the External Accession Number (EN) field.
Ovid Full Text Available Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to Ovid Full Text Available
  A limit to Ovid Full Text Available restricts retrieval to those citations for which an Ovid full text link is available.

When viewing a citation with full text available use the LINK button to display the full text.

Publication Type Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to clinical trial protocol
  A limit to Publication Type will restrict retrieval to any of the selected article types such as "clinical trial protocol", "comment", etc. Upon choosing this option you will be presented with an alphabetical list of publication types, with a definition for each, from which to select.
Publication Year Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to yr="1996"
limit 1 to yr="1996-1997"
Command Syntax: ..l/1 yr=1996
  Select this limit to restrict retrieval to documents published in a given year or year range. Upon choosing this option you will be prompted to enter the desired year; the format is 4 digits: "1989" or a range: "1994-1995".
Topic Reviews <Cochrane> Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to topic reviews <cochrane>
  A limit to Topic Reviews restricts retrieval to those articles and studies which were "included" in the creation of a Cochrane review on a topic. These references will be found in the Cochrane systematic review in the "References to Included Studies" and have met the Cochrane Collaboration's Evidence-Based Medicine criteria for inclusion.

Use this limit if you are interested in restricting your retrieval only to reviews which have been used in the creation of a Cochrane Topic Review.

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Tools

The following Search Tools are available for this database. For specific information on using these tools, refer to the OvidSP Online Help linked below.

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Changing to this Database
To change a search session to a segment of this database from another database or another segment, use the following syntax in the Ovid Syntax tab:
  Command Syntax: ..c/cctr
  Sentence Syntax: use cctr

Click on this link to see other Advanced Search Techniques

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Sample Documents
Sample 1
Accession Number
  CN-00015157 UPDATE
Author
  Lee KH, Hill E, Johnston R, Smiehorowski T  
Title
  Myofeedback for muscle retraining in hemiplegic patients.
Source
  Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 57(12):588-91, 1976 Dec.
Abstract
  The use of audiovisual displays of myoelectric potentials (myofeedback) has been suggested for
  retraining and strengthening of paretic muscles in patients with hemiplegia from stroke. This 
  controlled study examines the specificity and efficiency of myofeedback in the strengthening of 
  paretic muscles in hemiplegic patients. Eighteen patients with trace to fair-minus grade of deltoid
  muscle power resulting from strokes that had occurred at least six weeks earlier were randomly 
  assigned to the six possible orders of accurate (true), positive noncontingent (placebo) and no 
  feedback conditions. On three successive days, each patient received one session of each feedback
  condition, consisting of 20 isometric contractions of five seconds each with ten seconds of 
  intervening rests. In addition, each patient's motivational level was rated. Averaged myoelectric 
  potentials were quantified for each contraction for analysis. When the data were analyzed without 
  grouping, no statistical differences among the three feedback conditions were noted. However, 
  when the subjects were grouped according to age and motivational level, during true and no 
  feedback sessions, the older and the poorly motivated groups were found to show progressive 
  increment of myoelectric output, whereas the younger and the better motivated showed the 
  opposite results. With placebo feedback, both groups showed progressive decrement of myoelectric 
  output. It is concluded that the effect of myofeedback is nonspecific at least in its short-term 
  application for the retraining of hemiplegically paretic muscles.
Publication Type
  Clinical Trial. Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial
External Accession Number
  PubMed Identifier 999485
  Embase 1978004798
Cochrane Group Name
  The Behavioral Medicine Field was deregistered in May 2010
  Complementary Medicine Field (not a CRG)
  Cochrane Stroke Group
Subject Headings
  Adult
  Aged
  Humans
  Middle Aged
  Biofeedback, Psychology
  Electromyography
  Exercise Therapy
  *Hemiplegia/rh [Rehabilitation]
  Muscles
  Shoulder
ISSN
  0003-9993
Language
  English
Update Flag
  UPDATE
Update Code
  201400  
Sample 2
Accession Number
  CN-00802775 UPDATE
Author
  Abbas DN, Hosny HA, El-Awady GA, Aebade A
Institution
  H. A. Hosny, 5-277 Street, New Maadi-Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected]
Title
  The effects of dexmedetomidine, as an anaesthetic adjunctive, on the criteria of wake up test during scoliosis surgeries
Source
  Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia. 24(3):201-8, 2008.
Absract
  Background: Surgical correction of scoliosis introduces many challenges to anesthetists. Of 
  paramount importance is awareness of the risk of injury to the spinal cord. So, careful intra-
  operative monitoring, of spinal function is essential. The intra-operative wake-up test is still 
  considered to be the 'gold standard'. Successful wake-up test needs the anesthetic regimen to 
  enable a rapid patient recovery, immediate neurological examination and hemodynamic stability. 
  The study was done to show if inclusion of dexmedetomidine into the anesthetic regimen could achieve 
  such goals. Methods: 30 ASA I-II patients scheduled for surgical correction of scoliosis. patients 
  were divided randomly into two groups. Control group: anesthesia was maintained with propofol and 
  fentanyl infusion. Dexmedetomidine group: anesthesia was maintained with propofol, fentanyl and 
  dexmedetomidine infusion. In both groups, propofol and fentanyl doses are adjusted targeting BIS 
  value (40-50). Wake up test was done, the patient was first asked to move his/her fingers. The 
  patient was then instructed to move both his/her fingers and toes and, finally, was asked to 
  remember a given color. Wake up time [time from the discontinuation of anaesthesia (T1) until 
  responding to verbal command (T2) , quality of the wake-up, base line value (T0) of bispectral index 
  and its values at (T1&T2) were recorded. Also the total amounts of propofol and fentanyl infused 
  were calculated. Results: the wake up time (T1-T2) was significantly shorter in the dexomedetomidine 
  group (6.9 min. vs. 12.1 min.). The number of patients in whom the quality of the wake up test was
  ranked as good, was significantly higher in dexmedetomidine group. The total amount of propofol and 
  fentanyl infused were significantly lower in Dexmedetomidine group. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine as 
  an anesthetic adjunct, during scoliosis surgeries has shortened time needed for response to verbal 
  command during wake up test and improved the quality of the patient's wake up.
Keywords
  EMBASE keywords: adjuvant therapy // adolescent // adult // anesthesia induction // article // bispectral index // clinical article // clinical  trial // controlled clinical trial // controlled study 
  // drug efficacy // drug infusion // female // finger // health care quality //   
  hemodynamic parameters // human // loading drug dose // male // prospective study // randomized controlled trial // *scoliosis/su [Surgery] //
  *spine surgery // surgical technique // toe // verbal behavior // *wake up test // *wakefulness // cisatracurium // *dexmedetomidine/do [Drug
  Dose] // fentanyl // midazolam // propofol // sodium chloride
Publication Type
  Journal: Article
External Accession Number
  Embase 2010651446
Study Design
  Randomised controlled trials
ISSN
  1110-1849
Language
  English  
Update Flag
  UPDATE
Update Code
  201400
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