Database guide last
updated November 16, 2009

Copyright 2009,
Wolters Kluwer Health

EMBASE Pollution & Toxicology is a bibliographic database that includes abstracts and citations concerning pollution and toxicology, built entirely from the EMBASE Specialties Series databases. Information included covers the detrimental effects of toxic substances and environmental pollution on plants, animals, and humans.

The limit of databases that you can select for a multifile search session is based upon database segments rather than actual databases. The Ovid multifile segment limit is set at 120 to avoid impacting your search sessions. This database includes 1 segment.

This database is updated online quarterly.

Quotation marks can be used to retrieve records that contain literal strings, when the string includes special characters, such as a forward slash (/).

Quotation marks can also be used to retrieve records that contain numbers that may otherwise be confused for earlier searches. In the example, a search for 3.vo would limit the string from your third search in your search history to the volume field. By including the number in quotation marks, the search will retrieve documents with a 3 in the volume number.

A limit to Animals will restrict retrieval to all items involving animals.

A limit to Animal Studies will restrict retrieval to all items involving animal tissue, cells, models, or experiments.

Limiting to Clinical Queries will restrict retrieval clinically sound studies. There are nine categories provided, and the emphasis may be Sensitive (most relevant articles but probably some less relevant ones), Specific (mostly relevant articles but probably omitting a few), or Optimized (the combination of terms that optimizes the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity).

These filters, based on the work of R. Brian Haynes MD, PhD et al. of the Health Information Research Unit (HIRU) at McMaster University, are intended for clinicians. A detailed explanation of the strategies behind these limits can be found at http://hiru.mcmaster.ca/hedges/.

A limit by Human Age Groups will restrict retrieval to any of a number of broad age categories indexed in EMBASE.

A limit to local holdings will restrict retrieval to documents from journals held in your local library or library system.

If your System Administrator has created any special messages about a journal's availability, this message will display with the document in the Local Messages (LM) field.

A limit to Ovid Full Text Available will restrict retrieval to those citations for which an Ovid full text link is available.

When viewing a citation with full text available use the LINK button to display the full text.

The following Search Tools are available for this database. For specific information on using these tools, refer to the OvidSP Online Help linked below.

• Map Term
• Thesaurus
• Permuted Index
• Scope Notes
• Explode
• Subheadings

Accession Number
  2003266196  
Authors
  John PR. Makova K. Li W-H. Jenkins T. Ramsay M.
Institution
  Department of Human Genetics, School of Pathology,
  University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000; South Africa.  
  (Makova, Li) Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago,
  Chicago, IL United States
Country of Publication
  M. Ramsay, Department of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University
  of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000 South Africa.
  E-mail: [email protected]
Country of Publication
  United States  
Title
  DNA polymorphism and selection at the melanocortin-1 receptor gene in
  normally pigmented Southern African individuals.  
Source
  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 994(pp 299-306), 2003.
Publisher
  Blackwell Publishing Inc. 
Subject Headings
  *melanocortin 1 receptor / ec [Endogenous Compound]
  *DNA Polymorphism
  *Genetic Selection
  *Gene
  *melanocortin 1 receptor gene
  *Skin Pigmentation
  South Africa
  Multifactorial Inheritance
  Genetic Variability
  Environmental Factor
  Hair Color
  Skin Color
  Phenotype
  Caucasian
  Gene Locus
  Negro
  Gene Mutation
  Nucleic Acid Base Substitution
  Population Genetics
  Genetic Drift
  Mutation Rate
  synonymous mutation
  nonsynonymous mutation
  Human
  Normal Human
  Conference Paper
Abstract
  Skin pigmentation is a polygenic multifactorial trait determined by the
  cumulative effects of multiple genetic variants and environmental factors.
  Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is one of the genes involved in pigmentation,
  and has been implicated in the red hair and pale skin phenotype in human
  Caucasoid individuals. The present study was undertaken to identify
  variation at the MC1R locus in normally pigmented individuals in two African
  populations, sub-Saharan Negroids (22 unrelated individuals) and the San
  (17 unrelated individuals). The study showed considerable MC1R gene sequence
  variation with the detection of eight synonymous and three nonsynonymous 
  mutations. This is the first report of nonsynonymous mutations in African
  individuals in the MC1R gene: L99I was found in a single San individual,
  S47I was detected in a single Negroid individual, and F196L was detected
  in five Negroid individuals (5/44; 0.11). The functional significance of
  these mutations is not known. Three of the eight synonymous mutations
  found, L106L (CTGCTA), F300F (TTCTTT), and T314T (ACAACG) (also known as
  A942G), have been reported previously. T314T was the only variant that showed
  a significant difference between the Negroid and San populations (0.477 and
  0.059, respectively; P = 1.6 10-5). Its low frequency in the San may be the
  result of random genetic drift in a population of small size, or selection.
  Several tests of neutrality of the MC1R coding region in these and other
  African populations were significant, suggesting that purifying selection
  (functional constraint) had occurred at this gene locus in Africans. This
  demonstrates that although some nonsynonymous MC1R mutations are tolerated
  in individuals with dark skin, this gene has likely played a significant role
  in the maintenance of dark pigmentation in Africans and normal pigment
  variation in non-African populations.
Number of References
  25
EMBASE Section Headings
  Endocrinology [3]
  Dermatology and Venereology [13]
  Human Genetics [22]
CAS Registry Numbers
  234764-00-2 (melanocortin 1 receptor);
  234764-02-4 (melanocortin 1 receptor)
ISSN
  0077-8923
CODEN
  ANYAA9
Language
  English
Summary Language
  English
Publication Type
  Journal: Conference Paper
Entry Week
  200309
Date Delivered
  20080914
Year of Publication
  2003
Copyright
  Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

Accession Number
  2003501464
Authors
  Rollins DE. Wilkins DG. Krueger GG. Augsburger MP. Mizuno A. O'Neal C.
  Borges CR. Slawson MH.
Institution
  (Rollins, Wilkins, Augsburger, Mizuno, O'Neal, Borges, Slawson) Center for
  Human Toxicology, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Utah
  Hlth. Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT United States
  (Krueger) Department of Dermatology, Univ. of Utah Health Sciences Center,
  Salt Lake City, UT United States
  (Augsburger) Inst. Univ. de Medecine Legale, Lausanne Switzerland
  (Mizuno) Glaxo Welcome, Osaka Japan (O'Neal) Medical Examiner's Office,
  Richmond, VA United States
  (Rollins) University of Utah, Center for Human Toxicology, Salt Lake City,
  UT 84112 United States
Correspondence Address
  D.E. Rollins, University of Utah, Center for Human Toxicology, Salt Lake
  City, UT 84112 United States. E-mail: [email protected] 
Country of Publication
  United States  
Title
  The Effect of Hair Color on the Incorporation of Codeine into Human Hair.
Source
  Journal of Analytical Toxicology. Vol. 27(8)(pp 545-551), 2003.
Publisher
  Preston Publications
Subject Headings
  adult
  analytic method
  area under the curve
  article
  bioavailability
  clinical article
  criminal justice
  *drug abuse
  drug elimination
  drug receptor binding
  drug screening
  female
  *hair analysis
  *hair color
  human
  human tissue
  ingestion
  male
  qualitative analysis
  quantitative analysis
  *codeine / to [Drug Toxicity]
  melanin
Abstract
  The influence of melanin on the binding of xenobiotics in hair will impact
  the interpretation of drug concentrations determined by hair testing. The
  purpose of this study was to determine if codeine, as a  model compound of 
  abused drugs, would be incorporated into black, brown, blond, or red hair as
  a function of melanin concentration. Such data would assist in the
  interpretation of codeine concentrations in hair and help elucidate the
  potential influence of hair color on incorporation of drugs. Male and female
  Caucasians with black (n = 6), brown (n = 12), blond (n = 8), or red hair
  (n = 6) and non-Caucasians with black hair (n = 12) aged 21-40 years were
  enrolled in the study. Each subject was administered oral codeine phosphate 
  syrup in a dosage of 30 mg three times a day for five days. Twenty-four
  hours after the end of the treatment period, a  30-mg codeine dose was
  administered and the subject's plasma area under the concentration time 
  curve (AUC) for codeine was determined. Codeine and melanin were measured
  in the first 3 cm of hair closest to the vertex region of the scalp prior
  to and 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 weeks after dosing. The quantitative and
  qualitative melanin profiles were determined for each subject's hair to
  provide an objective measure of hair color. The plasma concentrations of
  codeine were measured to eliminate differences in the bioavailability and 
  clearance of codeine as factors that might account for the differences in 
  codeine hair concentrations. The subjects were asked not to cut their hair
  in the vertex region of the scalp or to use any form of chemical treatment
  on their hair, but otherwise normal hygienic measures were permitted. The
  mean (+/- SE) hair codeine concentrations 5 weeks after dosing were 1429
  (+/- 249) pg/mg in black hair; 208 (+/- 17) pg/mg in brown hair; 
  99 (+/- 10) pg/mg in blond hair; and 69 (+/- 11) in red hair pg/mg.
  In black hair, codeine concentrations were 2564 (+/- 170) pg/mg for
  Asians and 865 (+/- 162) pg/mg for Caucasians. Similar concentration
  relationships were observed at weeks 4, 6, and 7. A strong relationship
  between the hair concentrations of codeine and melanin (R2 = 0.73) was
  observed. Normalization of the codeine concentration with the melanin
  concentration reduced the hair color differences observed. These data 
  demonstrate that the interpretation and reporting of hair test results for
  codeine are influenced by hair color. After this dosing protocol, the 
  proposed federal guideline cutoff of 200 pg/mg of codeine would result
  in 100% of subjects with black hair and 50% of subjects with brown hair
  being reported as positive, and subjects with blond or red hair would be
  reported as negative. The incorporation of these drugs into hair should be
  studied carefully in humans to ensure the appropriate interpretation of
  drug concentrations.  
Number of References
  34
EMBASE Section Headings
  Drug Dependence, Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [40] Toxicology [52]
CAS Registry Numbers
  76-57-3 (codeine); 8049-97-6 (melanin)
ISSN
  0146-4760
CODEN
  JATOD
Language
  English
Summary Language
  English
Publication Type
  Journal: Article
Entry Week
  200403
Date Delivered
  20080914
Year of Publication
  2003
Copyright
  Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. 

The databases created by Exerpta Medica are copyrighted by Elsevier Publishers B.V. No part of the databases may be copied in machine readable, hard copy or any other form, or made available for the use of any third party without permission of the copyright owner. Elsevier Publishers B.V. requires that the user signs a downloading agreement with ESP before the actual downloading takes place. This agreement will be sent to you after contacting one of the Exerpta Medica Marketing offices. Elsevier Publishers B.V. represents that EMBASE and EMBASE backfiles, and EMBASE subfiles were formulated with a reasonable standard of care and in conformance to professional standards in the field. Except with respect to the foregoing and as otherwise specifically provided in the agreement, Elsevier Publishers B.V., makes no representations or warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such databases and specifically disclaims all such warranties and representations. Elsevier Publishers B.V. also disclaims any legal liability or responsibility for any damages or loss, direct or indirect, sustained by the user of this database.