APA PsycExtra® Database Guide
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APA PsycExtra® is a gray literature database relating to psychology, behavioral sciences, and health. Full-text is available for the majority of records (approximately 70% and growing), in addition to a complete abstract record. Coverage consists primarily of material written for professionals but disseminated outside of peer-reviewed journals.

For list of the many organizations that contribute materials to APA PsycExtra®, please view the Content Providers List.

The database contains publications such as technical and government reports, conference papers, newsletters, magazines, videos, press releases, and consumer brochures.

For current information, including number of records in the database, update information, languages/countries represented, etc., please view the APA PsycExtra® Fact Sheet.

This database can be searched several ways, including by content owner, keywords, or by author names and publication titles. There is no overlap between APA PsycExtra® and APA PsycInfo®.

For more information, please contact the APA PsycExtra® Department at the American Psychological Assocation.  The APA PsycExtra® Department can be contacted by phone at (800) 374-2744 (in North America).  Phones are answered 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (Eastern Standard Time), Monday through Friday.  The APA PsycExtra® Department can also be contacted by email at [email protected] , or visit us at our website, http://www.apa.org/PsycExtra.

APA PsycExtra®  is produced and copyrighted (c) by the American Psychological Association, all rights reserved.

Segments and Years of Coverage
Name   Years of Coverage
psye   1908 - present

The limit of databases that you can select for a multifile search session is based upon database segments rather than actual databases. The Ovid multifile segment limit is set at 120 to avoid impacting your search sessions. This database includes 1 segment.

This database is updated online bi-weekly.

Fields
The following list is sorted alphabetically by field alias. Click a field name to see the description and search information.

All Fields in this Database

  Abstract (AB) E-Mail Address (MA) Original Title (OT)
  Accession Number (AN) Grant/ Sponsorship (GS) Pagination (PG)
  All Searchable Fields (AF) Heading Word (HW) PDF Full Text (PF)
  Age Group (AG) In Association With (AM) Population Group (PO)
  Author (AU) Institution/Affiliation (IN) Publication Date (DP)
  Awards (AW) Intended Audience (IA) Publisher (PB)
  Catalog Holdings (XH) ISBN (IB) Related UID (RA)
  Classification Code (CC) ISSN (IS) Running Time (RU)
  Classification Code Word (CW) Issue/Part (IP) Series Titl e (ST)
  Conference Information (CF) Key Participants (KI) Source (SO)
  Content Owner Type (CT) Keywords (ID) Subject Heading (SH)
  Content Owner (CO) Language (LG) Tests and Measures (TM)
  Corporate/Institutional Author (CA) Local Messages (LM) Test DOI (TD)
  Corporate/Institutional Author Role (CB) Locally Held (LH) Title (TI)
  Correction Date (CH) Location (LO) Update Code (UP)
  Digital Object Identifier (DO) Media Type (MT) Volume (VO)
  Distributor (DI) Narrator (NA) Year of Publication (YR)
  Document ID (DD) Notes (NT)  
  Document Type (DT)    
Go: Menu or Back 
Default Fields for Unqualified Searches (MP): Searching for a term without specifying a field in Advanced search, or specifying .mp., defaults to the following ‘multi-purpose’ (.mp.) fields for this database: ti,ab,hw,id.
  Abstract (AB) Keywords (ID)  
  Heading Word (HW) Title (TI)      
Go: Menu or Back 

Default Fields for Display, Print, Email, and Save: The following fields are included by default for each record.

  Abstract (AB) Grant/ Sponsorship (GS) Original Title (OT)
  Accession Number (AN) In Association With (AM) Pagination (PG)
  Age Group (AG) Institution/Affiliation (IN) Population Group (PO)
  Author (AU) Intended Audience (IA) Publication Date (DP)
  Awards (AW) ISBN (IB) Related UID (RA)
  Classification Code (CC) ISSN (IS) Running Time (RU)
  Conference Information (CF) Key Participants (KI) Series Title (ST)
  Content Owner Type (CT) Keywords (ID) Source (SO)
  Content Owner (CO) Language (LG) Subject Heading (SH)
  Corporate/Institutional Author (CA) Local Messages (LM) Tests and Measures (TM)
  Digital Object Identifier (DO) Location (LO) Test DOI (TD)
  Distributor (DI) Media Type (MT) Title (TI)
  Document ID (DD) Narrator (NA) Update Code (UP)
  Document Type (DT) Notes (NT)  
  E-Mail Address (MA)    
Go: Menu or Back 

All Fields for Display, Print, Email, and Save: Use the Select Fields button in the Results Manager at the bottom of the Main Search Page to choose the fields for a record.

  Abstract (AB) Heading Word (HW) Pagination (PG)
  Accession Number (AN) In Association With (AM) Population Group (PO)
  Age Group (AG) Institution/Affiliation (IN) Publication Date (DP)
  Author (AU) Intended Audience (IA) Publisher (PB)
  Awards (AW) ISBN (IB) Related UID (RA)
  Classification Code (CC) ISSN (IS) Running Time (RU)
  Conference Information (CF) Issue/Part (IP) Series Title (ST)
  Content Owner Type (CT) Key Participants (KI) Source (SO)
  Content Owner (CO) Keywords (ID) Subject Heading (SH)
  Corporate/Institutional Author (CA) Language (LG) Tests and Measures (TM)
  Corporate/Institutional Author Role (CB) Location (LO) Test DOI (TD)
  Digital Object Identifier (DO) Local Messages (LM) Title (TI)
  Distributor (DI) Media Type (MT) Update Code (UP)
  Document ID (DD) Narrator (NA) Volume (VO)
  Document Type (DT) Notes (NT) Year of Publication (YR)
  E-Mail Address (MA) Original Title (OT)  
  Grant/ Sponsorship (GS)    
Go: Menu or Back 

Elements of Source (SO) Field: Ovid searches the following fields as part of the record source.

  Issue/Part (IP) Publisher (PB) Year of Publication (YR)
  Pagination (PG) Volume (VO)  
Go: Menu or Back 
The following list is sorted alphabetically by the two-letter label, and includes the relevant alias, at least one example for all searchable fields, and a description of the field.
Label Name / Example
AB Abstract [Word Indexed]
macdonald.ab.

 

The Abstract (AB) field contains a description of the content of the document or article and is a summary of its contents. The abstract index contains all searchable words from the abstract.

A Related UID link displays in this field when available.

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AF All Searchable Fields [Search Alias]
Incentives.af.

 

All Fields (AF) is an alias for all of the fields which occur in the source documents, including value-added fields such as Subject Headings (SH).

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AG Age Group [Phrase Indexed]
adulthood 18 yrs older.ag.
"100".ag.

 

The Age Group (AG) field contains a standardized description of specific age groups related to the content of the document.  The results are displayed in the Age Group (AG) field.  A record may contain multiple Age Groups.

Search for   or search for   to find
100.ag.   childhood birth 12 yrs.ag.   Childhood, from birth to 12 yrs
120.ag.   neonatal birth 1 mo.ag.   Neonatal, from birth to 1 mo
140.ag.   infancy 2 23 mo.ag.   Infancy (2 to 23 mo)
160.ag.   preschool age 2 5 yrs.ag.   Preschool Age (2 to 5 yrs)
180.ag.   school age 6 12 yrs.ag.   School Age (6 to 12 yrs)
200.ag.   adolescence 13 17 yrs.ag.   Adolescence (13 to 17 yrs)
300.ag.   adulthood 18 yrs older.ag.   Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
320.ag.   young adulthood 18 29 yrs.ag.   Young Adulthood (18 to 29 yrs)
340.ag.   thirties 30 39 yrs.ag.   Thirties (30 to 39 yrs)
360.ag.   middle age 40 64 yrs.ag.   Middle Age (40 to 64 yrs)
380.ag.   aged 65 yrs older.ag.   Aged (65 yrs & older)
390.ag.   very old 85 yrs older.ag.   Very Old (85 yrs & older)

Both the code and the term are searchable, such as 100.ag. or childhood birth 12 yrs.ag.  Age Groups are also available as limits.

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AM In Association With [Word Indexed]
television.am.

 

The In Association With (AM) field refers to the organization or individual who assists in producing the digital and video content available for distribution.

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AN Accession Number [Phrase Indexed]
718882007-001.an.
718882007 001.an.

 

The Accession Number (AN) field appears in every record, and uniquely identifies the record. You can retrieve any specific record in the database with its accession number. It contains 12 numeric characters with hyphens in the NNNNNYYYY-LLL format, structured as follows:

  NNNNN   =   sequence of processing within a particular year
  YYYY   =   year record was processed
  LLL   =   sequence of record within an issue
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AU Author [Phrase Indexed]
sachs$.au

 

The Author (AU) field contains the names of individual persons responsible for creation of the work represented by the record.

If all authors are not included, the last name listed is followed by "et al."

The author names are entered into the index as they appeared in the original document, in the format of last name followed by first and middle names or up to two initials. Thus, a person named "James C. Smith" may appear as "Smith James C," "Smith J Charles," "Smith, JC" or "Smith J" Enter the last name, or if it is a common name, enter the last name, a space, and the first initial.

If you are unsure of the spelling, view the index to see all versions and spellings of the name. See Display and Browse Field Indexes in the Ovid Help for details on viewing and using a field index.

Patronymic suffixes, such as Jr., Sr., III, and so on, are included for display, but are not indexed, as are non-author roles, which include:

Anon:   Anonymous       Photo:   Photographer
Col:   Collaborator       Pres:   Presenter
Dir:   Director       Prod:   Producer
Ed:   Editor       Revwr:   Reviewer
Comp:   Compiler       Trans:   Translator
Illus:   Illustrator                    

If no role is present, the role may be assumed to be "author".

Data in the author field may also comprise one or more of the following special cases:

et al:   subsequent authors were not captured, although they exist
No authorship indicated:   the document lists no author
Numerous contributors:   the record represents a cluster of chapters, the authors of
which are identified in the Abstract field
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AW Awards [Word Indexed]
journalism.aw.

 

The Awards (AW) field identifies the awards that the video or digital content has received.

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CA Corporate/Institutional Author [Word Indexed]
national research council.ca.

 

The Corporate/Institutional Author (CA) field contains the corporation or institution of the authors or editors as well as the department, sub-departments and location.

If all corporate authors are not included, "et al." will appear after the last one.

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CB Corporate/Institutional Author Role [Word Indexed]
producer.cb.

 

The Corporate/Institutional Author Role (CB) field contains the corporation or institution authors role, such as:

Anonymous       Other
Compiler       Photographer
Director       Producer
Editor       Reviewer
Illustrator       Translator

Corporate/Institutional Author Role is displayed as part of the Corporate/Institutional Author (CA) field.

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CC Classification Code [Phrase Indexed]
"2223".cc.
"222".cc.
"22".cc.

 

The Classification Codes (CC) field includes 4-digit numbers representing broad subject categories, such as "Learning and Motivation" or "Linguistics, Language and Speech." Searching with Classification Codes is a convenient way to limit an existing subject search to a particular setting (such as treatment, education, and so on) or area.

The numerical Classification Codes are stored in the index.  To view and select from the hierarchical list of codes and their scope notes, use the Classification Codes tool.

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CF Conference Information [Word Indexed]
apa.cf.

 

The Conference Information (CF) field contains the name, number, date and location of a conference at which the content of the document was presented.

Individual words are posted in the Conference Information index. Standard abbreviations are used for the institutional and geographical portions of the field, such as:

Co:   Company       Hosp(s):   Hospital(s)
Coll:   College       Inc:   Incorporated
Dept:   Department       Lab(s):   Laboratory(ies)
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CH Correction Date [Phrase Indexed]
20071126.ch.

 

The Correction Date (CH) field appears in corrected records and contains the date the record was revised.

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CO Content Owner [Word Indexed]
denver.co.

 

The Content Owner (CO) field consists of the organization or individual who produces, owns, or has rights to the content.

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CT

Content Owner Type [Phrase Indexed]
[field.ct.]
[index.ct.]

 

The Content Owner Type (CT) field refers to the organization or individual who produces, owns, distributes, or has rights to the content.

Content Owner Type (CT) include:

    APA           Government (Non-U.S.)
    APA Division           Government (State)
    Educational Institution           Individual
    For Profit Organization       Military (Non-U.S.)
    Government       Military (U.S)
    Government (Local)       Non-Profit Organization
    Government (Multinational)       Publisher
    Government (U.S.)       Research Institute (Private)

Both the code and the term are searchable, such as 1000.ct. or "Association/Society".ct. Content Types are also available as limits.

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CW Classification Code Word [Word Indexed]
vocational.cw.

 

You may wish to retrieve every Classification Code that includes a particular word or words.  This is done by searching the desired word(s) in the Classification Codes Word (CW) field.

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DD Document ID [Display only]

 

The Document Identifier (DD) field contains the ID number of a certain Document Type (DT).

This field displays in the Document Type (DT) field when available.

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DI Distributor [Word Indexed]
zurich.di.

 

The Distributor (DI) field consists of the organization or individual responsible for making digital and video content available.

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DO Digital Object Identifier [Phrase Indexed]
10 1037 e300002005 045.do.

 

The Digital Object Identifier (DO) field contains the registered DOI for electronic documents. These DOIs may contain full text access.

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DP Publication Date [Word Indexed]
2011.dp.

 

The Publication Date (DP) field contains the date the documents was published, which may include month or season, day, and year.

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DT Document Type [Phrase Indexed]
report administrative.dt.
monograph.dt.

 

The Document Type (DT) field identifies the specific kind of document, and explains what a document is as opposed to what it is about. Some documents contain a Document Identifier (DD) when available.
 

Bibliography       Conference: Program       Report: Administrative
Brochure/Fact Sheet  

Monograph

  Speech/Interview/Oral History
Clinical Trial   Multimedia   Standard/Guideline
Conference: Abstract   Periodical: Magazine   Website/Blog
Conference: Presentation
  Report    

Document Types are also available as limits.

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GS Grant/Sponsorship [Word Indexed]
National.gs.

 

The Grant/Sponsorship (GS) field identifies the sponsor names, grant/contract/award information, funding amounts, funding dates, and other details about the sponsorship for the record.

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HW Heading Word [Word Indexed]
counseling.hw.
academic achievement.hw.

 

The Heading Word (HW) index allows you to retrieve every subject heading that includes a particular word by searching a single word in the Subject Heading (SH) field.

You can also search these terms using the Permuted Index tool.

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IA Intended Audience [Phrase Indexed]
general public.ia.
psychology professional research.ia.

 

The Intended Audience (IA) field identifies the intended audience of the video or digital content.

Intended Audience terms include:

General Public
Juvenile
Psychology: Professional & Research

Intended Audience is also available as a limit.

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IB ISBN [Word Indexed]
"9781844789122".ib.

 

The ISBN (IB) field contains the International Standard Book Number (ISBN), and any qualifying text in parentheses. The qualifying text denotes binding type, volume number(s), publisher and/or the publisher location for which the ISBN was assigned.

The ISBN appears as a number separated by hyphens. Its purpose is to identify uniquely a book title, an edition of a book, or a monograph produced by a specific publisher. Each ISBN number contains the following parts:

group identifier (national, geographic, language, or other type of group)
publisher or producer identifier
title identifier
check digit

However, despite this standard format, ISBNs vary enormously on the source documents. Consequently, they have also been put into the index without spaces or dashes.

Originals examples
with hyphens
  Indexed with
hyphens removed
972-95460-0-2   9729546002
92-9078-023-1   9290780231
4-13-067101-4   4130671014
1-4020-7012-8   1402070128
3-85630-552-1   3856305521

You may search the ISBN with or without hyphens.

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ID Keywords [Word Indexed]
bipolar.id.
psychosis.id.

 

The Keywords (ID) field contains concise, uncontrolled, key concepts that describe the content of the document. Indexers use Keywords to supplement Subject Headings (SH).

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IN Institution/Affiliation [Word Indexed]
harvard.in.
tufts.in.

 

The Institution/Affiliation (IN) field contains the author's name along with their affiliation, if indicated in the source document.

Institutions which are commonly known by initials (IBM, NIMH, WHO, INSERM) may be listed in initialed form in some records and are spelled out in others.

State and Province names must be searched by both spelled-out name and postal abbreviation to capture all results. Country names (except USA and USSR) are spelled out.

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IP Issue/Part [Word Indexed]
"9".ip.

 

The Issue/Part (IP) field contains the issue or part for a particular volume of a document.  This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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IS ISSN [Phrase Indexed]
1555 2284.is.
"1555-2284".is.

 

The ISSN (IS) field contains the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for the print journal in which an article was published. It appears as a number separated by a hyphen.

To search the index, include hyphens, such as 1000-958X.

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KI Key Participants [Word Indexed]
william.ki.

 

The Key Participants (KI) field contains the names of all individual persons who participated in the media content.

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LG Language [Phrase Indexed]
English.lg.

 

The Language (LG) field contains the document's language(s) of publication.

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LH Locally Held [Display only]

 

The Locally Held (LH) field indicates (with a "Y" for "Yes" or an "N" for "No") if a journal is held at your library or institution. This information is designated by your OVID System Administrator.

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LM Local Messages [Display only]

 

The Local Messages (LM) field contains messages created by your Ovid System administrator to indicate holdings information about journals held in your library or institution.

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LO Location [Phrase Indexed]
norway.lo.

 

The Location (LO) field contains a standardized description of population locations, specifically country names, related to the content of the document.  The field may contain multiple Population Locations.

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MA E-Mail Address [Phrase Indexed]
"zacks: [email protected]".ma.

 

The E-Mail Address (MA) field contains the email addresses of the persons responsible for the work represented by the record.

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MT Media Type [Word Indexed]
video.mt.

 

 Media Type (MT) field identifies the physical medium of the item(s) that are available.  Media Type is also available as a limit.

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NA Narrator [Phrase Indexed]
sally field.na.

 

The Narrator (NA) field identifies the person who narrates the media content, such as the narrator of a video.

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NT Notes [Word Indexed]
kaiser.nt.

 

The Notes (NT) field contains miscellaneous information about the video or digital content.

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OT Original Title [Word Indexed]
varierande.ot.

 

The Original Title (OT) field contains the original non-English title.

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PB Publisher [Word Indexed]
zoology.pb.

 

The Publisher (PB) field contains the name of the content publisher and displayes as part of the Source (SO) field.

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PF PDF Full Text [Phrase Indexed]
"718882007 001pdf".pf.

 

The PDF Full Text (PF) field contains a complete list of all PDFs available in APA PsycExtra® database.

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PG Pagination [Word Indexed]
"9".pg.

 

The Pagination (PG) field consists of the inclusive pagination of a document. You can only search for the initial page, but the full page range displays as part of the Source (SO) field.  If the Source field is not present, available Pagination information displays in the Pagination field.

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PO Population Group [Word Indexed]
human.po.

 

The Population Group (PO) field contains terms describing the subject population of the document.

Population Group codes and terms include:

10   Human       30   Male       50   Inpatient
20   Animal   40   Female   60   Outpatient

Both the code and the term are searchable.  Population Groups are also available as limits.

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RA Related UID [Phrase Indexed]
308932004 010.ra.

 

The Related UID (RA) field indicates the Unique Identifier (AN) of the related reference article. A link at the end of the Abstract (AB) field will appear if a Related UID (RA) is available.

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RU Running Time [Word Indexed]
"20".ru

 

The Running Time (RU) field specifies the length of time that the media source runs.

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SH Subject Heading [Phrase Indexed]
sadness.sh.

 

The Subject Headings (SH) field contains the Subject Headings (also known as "descriptors" or "index terms") from the American Psychological Association's Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms. Indexers at the APA use the terms to describe the topic or content of a document.

You can look up any of these terms by using the pull-down Thesaurus tool. Subject Headings are entered into the index as phrases and should be searched exactly as they appear in the thesaurus.

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SO Source [Display Only]

 

The Source (SO) field includes all the basic information needed to locate a citation, including:

Issue/Part (IP)       Publisher (PB)       Year of Publication (YR)
Pagination (PG)   Volume (VO)    

The Source will appear in any record where the document type is Newsletter, Newspaper, or Magazine.

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ST Series Title [Word Indexed]
youth.st.

 

The Series Title (ST) contains the series title of video records.

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TD Test DOI [Word Indexed]
10 1037 t00072 000.td.

 

The Test DOI (TD) field contains the active link from APA PsycExtra® to APA PsycTests®. The link will only work with access to the APA PsycTests® database.
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TI Title [Word Indexed]
jackson.ti.

 

The Title (TI) field contains the English-language title of the document.
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TM Tests and Measures [Word Indexed]
adaptive.tm.

 

The Tests & Measures (TM) field identifies the names of tests and measures mentioned in the source document.
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UP Update Code [Phrase Indexed]
20051018.up.

 

The Update Code (UP) field appears in all records and contains the date the record was released into the database. It is sometimes referred to as "Released Date."

The field consists of 8 digits, in YYYYMMDD format, where YYYY is the release year, MM is the release month, and DD is the release day.

The Correction Date (CH) has a separate display.
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VO Volume [Phrase Indexed]
"9".vo.

 

The Volume (VO) field consists of the volume of a serial publication.

This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

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XH Catalog Holdings [Display Only]

 

The Catalog Holdings (XH) field indicates (with a "Y" or an "N") if a journal is held locally.

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YR Year of Publication [Phrase Indexed]
"2008".yr.

 

The Year of Publication (YR) field contains the year in which a document was published.  The year may be searched using four digits, such as 1994.

Only individual years may be searched.  Use the Limit to Publication Year to restrict sets to a range of years.

This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field.

Go: Menu or Back 

 

Advanced Searching
You can use special search syntax listed below to combine search terms or strategically develop a search. Full documentation is provided in the Advanced Searching Techniques section of the Online Help.
Operator Syntax Search Example Sample Results
OR x or y bipolar or mania

"In some respects the patient's mood and actions were similar to the pathologic elations observed in episodes of mania and hypomania among psychotics and neurotics"

 

The OR operator retrieves records that contain any or all of the search terms. For example, the search heart attack or myocardial infarction retrieves results that contain the terms heart attack, myocardial infarction or both terms; results are all inclusive. You can use the OR operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
AND x and y schizophrenia and diet

"There seem to be only two types of behavioral disorders that are responsive to dietary intervention--depression and ADHD."

 

The AND operator retrieves only those records that include all of the search terms. For example, the search blood pressure and stroke retrieves results that contain the term blood pressure and the term stroke together in the same record; results are exclusive of records that do not contain both of these terms. You can use the AND operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
NOT x not y depression not bipolar

"Constructs for a Theory of Reactive Depression."

 

The NOT operator retrieves records that contain the first search term and excludes the second search term. For example, the search health reform not health maintenance organizations retrieves only those records that contain the term health reform but excludes the term health maintenance organizations. In this way, you can use the NOT operator to restrict results to a specific topic.
You can use the NOT operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field.
Adjacency (ADJ) x y bipolar depression

"mechanisms of action; clinical indications; unipolar major depression; bipolar depression; dysthymia"

 

The Adjacent operator (ADJ) retrieves records with search terms next to each other in that specific order. You do not need to separate search terms manually by inserting ADJ between them, because when you separate terms with a space on the command line, Ovid automatically searches for the terms adjacent to one another. For example, the search blood pressure is identical to the search blood adj pressure.
Defined Adjacency (ADJn) x ADJn y bipolar adj3 depression

"The New York High-Risk Project (NYHRP) is a multitrait, multimeasurement prospective study, in which 2 independent samples of offspring of schizophrenic, affectively ill (those with major depression or bipolar 1 disorder), and psychiatrically normal parents have been followed from mid-childhood to midadulthood."

 

The defined adjacency operator (ADJn) retrieves records that contain search terms within a specified number (n-1) of words from each other in any order (stop-words included). To use the adjacency operator, separate your search terms with ADJ and a number from 1 to 99 as explained below:

           ADJ1     Next to each other, in any order
           ADJ2     Next to each other, in any order, up to 1 word in between
           ADJ3     Next to each other, in any order, up to 2 words in between
           ADJ99   Next to each other, in any order, up to 98 words in between

For example, the search physician adj5 relationship retrieves records that contain the words physician and relationship with a maximum of four words in between in either direction. This particular search retrieves records containing such phrases as physician patient relationship, patient physician relationship, or relationship between cancer patient and physician.
Please note Ovid’s order of operation handles terms within parentheses first. Therefore it is recommended to apply the ADJn operator in one-on-one operations to avoid missing out on results. E.g. stroke adj4 (blood pressure or high blood pressure) could potentially miss out on some combinations of stroke with high blood pressure. The optimum way to execute this on Ovid is: (stroke adj4 blood pressure) OR (stroke adj4 high blood pressure).
Frequency (FREQ) x.ab./FREQ=n depression.ab. /freq=5

"Anaclitic and introjective depression are characterized by different impairments of cognitive schemas as well as by different symptoms and different qualities of interpersonal relatedness."

 

The frequency operator (FREQ) lets you specify a threshold of occurrence of a term in the records retrieved from your search. Records containing your search term are retrieved only if the term occurs at least the specified (n) number of times. In general, records that contain many instances of your search term are more relevant than records that contain fewer instances. The frequency operator is particularly useful when searching a text field, such as Abstract or Full Text, for a common word or phrase.
Unlimited Truncation ($) x$ rat$

"To estimate the rates of SMBG and to track the progress of states during 1997-2006, CDC analyzed data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for that period."

 

Unlimited truncation retrieves all possible suffix variations of the root word indicated. To apply unlimited truncation to a term, type the root word or phrase followed by either of the truncation characters: $ (dollar sign) or * (asterisk). For example, in the truncated search disease*, Ovid retrieves the word disease as well as the words diseases, diseased, and more.
Limited Truncation ($) x$n dog$1

"The inhibitory type of nervous systems in the dog."

 

Limited truncation specifies a maximum number of characters that may follow the root word or phrase. For example, the truncated search dog$1 retrieves results with the words dog and dogs; but it does not retrieve results with the word dogma.
Mandated Wildcard (#) xx#y wom#n

"The principal reason for adopting such a procedure is that it avoids the necessity of separate norms for men and women."

 

Searching with a mandated wildcard retrieves all possible variations of a word in which the wildcard is present in the specified place. You can use it at the end of a term to limit results to only those that contain the word plus the mandated character. For example, the search dog# retrieves results that contain the word dogs, but not those that contain the word dog, effectively limiting results to only those that contain the plural form of the word. The mandated wild card character (#) is also useful for retrieving specialized plural forms of a word. For example, the search wom#n retrieves results that contain both woman and women. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word.
Optional Wildcard (?) xx?y colo?r

"The psychologist's effort at classifying intelligence is more what the layman does when he tries to distinguish colors of the rainbow."

 

The optional wild card character (?) can be used within or at the end of a search term to substitute for one or no characters. This wild card is useful for retrieving documents with British and American word variants since it specifies that you want retrieval whether or not the extra character is present. For example, the optional wild card search colo?r retrieves results that contain the words color or colour. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word.
Literal String ("") "x / y"

 

"go/no-go signal detection, two-alternative, forced-choice localization, adult-infant differences, otitis media and infant absolute thresholds, inattention and infant thresholds"

"n" "3".vo

"The law and public policy. (pp. 3-12)."

 

Quotation marks can be used to retrieve records that contain literal strings, when the string includes special characters, such as a forward slash (/).

Quotation marks can also be used to retrieve records that contain numbers that may otherwise be confused for earlier searches. In the example, a search for 3.vo would limit the string from your third search in your search history to the volume field. By including the number in quotation marks, the search will retrieve documents with a 3 in the volume number.

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Stopwords

The Ovid search engine applies so called "run-time stopword processing". This means the search engine on the fly ignores the stopwords: and, as, by, for, from, in, is, of, on, that, the, this, to, was, were & with.

Therefore a search: at risk for diabetes.ti will also find: at risk of diabetes. The distance of one word in between is kept, but the stopword "for" is ignored.

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Limits
The following limits are available for this database. See Database Limits in the Ovid Online Help for details on applying limits.

Limit

Syntax
Abstracts Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to abstracts
Command Syntax: ..l/1 ab=y
 

A limit to Abstracts restricts retrieval to documents which include an abstract.

Age Groups Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to adult
 

A limit by Age Groups restricts retrieval to any of the broad age groups or to specific childhood and adolescent years.

If you choose this option, you will be presented with a list of ages from which to select:

Childhood, from birth to 12 yrs       School Age (6 to 12 yrs)       Thirties (30 to 39 yrs)
Neonatal, from birth to 1 mo       Adolescence (13 to 17 yrs)       Middle Age (40 to 64 yrs)
Infancy (2 to 23 mo)       Adulthood (18 yrs & older)       Aged (65 yrs & older)
Preschool Age (2 to 5 yrs)       Young Adulthood (18 to 29 yrs)       Very Old (85 yrs & older)

See the Age Groups (AG) field for more information.

If you want to capture all records that deal with "Childhood" (birth to age 12 years), you should choose Childhood through School Age, or all of the entries that begin with a "1".

Animal Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to animal
 

A limit to Animal restricts retrieval to documents which are primarily about animal subjects. It will retain articles about both human and animal subjects.

For individual animal species, search the animal name in the Subject Headings (SH) field, such as, "mice.sh."

Classification Codes Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to 2100 General Psychology
 

A limit by Classification Codes restricts retrieval to those records which contain the selected Classifications representing broad subject categories, such as "Learning and Motivation" or "Linguistics, Language and Speech."

If you choose this option, you will be presented with a list of Classification terms from which to choose.

Content Owner Types Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to "research institute (private)"
 

A limit to a Content Owner Type restricts retrieval to the organization or individual that produces, owns, distributes, or has rights to the content.

    APA           Government (Non-U.S.)
    APA Division           Government (State)
    Educational Institution           Individual
    For Profit Organization       Military (Non-U.S.)
    Government       Military (U.S)
    Government (Local)       Non-Profit Organization
    Government (Multinational)       Publisher
    Government (U.S.)       Research Institute (Private)
Document Types Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to Monograph
 

A limit by Document Type restricts retrieval to any of the document types indexed by the American Psychological Association (APA).

If you choose this limit, you will be presented with a list of document types from which to select:

Bibliography       Conference: Program       Report: Administrative
Brochure/Fact Sheet  

Monograph

  Speech/Interview/Oral History
Clinical Trial   Multimedia   Standard/Guideline
Conference: Abstract   Periodical: Magazine   Website/Blog
Conference: Presentation
  Report    

See the Document Type (DT) field for more information.

English Language Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to english language
limit 1 to english
Command Syntax: ..l/1 en=y
  A limit to English Language restricts retrieval to documents which are written in the English language. Non-English language documents include English abstracts, but these will be eliminated by a limit to English.
Human Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to human
Command Syntax: ..l/1 hu=y
  A limit to Human restricts retrieval to documents which are primarily about human subjects.
Intended Audience Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to general public
 

A limit to Intended Audience restricts retrieval to the intended audience of the document. If you choose this option, you will be presented with three options from which to select:

  General Public
  Juvenile
  Psychology: Professional & Research

See the Intended Audience (IA) field for more information.

Languages Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to french
Command Syntax: ..l/1 lg=french
  A limit to Language restricts retrieval to any of the languages indexed by the American Psychological Association (APA). If you choose this option, you will be presented with an alphabetic list of languages from which to select.
Latest Update Sentence Syntax:

limit 1 to latest update
limit 1 to update
limit 1 to up="20071210"
limit 1 to up="20070507-20070514"
Command Syntax: ..l/1 up=y
  A limit to Latest Update restricts retrieval to documents which were most recently added to the database.
Local Holdings Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to local holdings
 

A limit to Local Holdings restricts retrieval to documents from journals held in your library or institution.

If your OVID System Administrator has created any special messages about a journal's availability, this message will display with the document in the Local Holdings (LH) field.

Media Types Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to Audio
limit 1 to Interactive
limit 1 to Video
 

A limit to a Media Type restricts retrieval to the specified content medium.

APA PsycExtra PDFs Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to APA PsycExtra PDFs
 

A limit to APA PsycExtra PDFs restricts retrieval to those citations for which a pdf full text link is available.

When viewing a citation with full text available use the LINK button to display full text.

Population Groups Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to human
limit 1 to animal
limit 1 to female
 

A limit to Population Groups restricts retrieval to the subject population of the document. If you choose this option, you will be presented with the following options from which to select:

Human       Male       Inpatient
Animal   Female   Outpatient

See the Population Groups (PO) field for more information.

Publication Year Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to yr=2006
Command Syntax: ..l/1 yr=2007
  A limit to Publication Year restricts retrieval to the specified years covered. If you choose this option you will be prompted to enter the desired year or year range. The format is 4 digits, such as "1989" or "1992-1995."
Test DOI Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to Test DOI
 

The Test DOI will restrict retrieval to a DOI that will link from APA PsycExtra® to APA PsycTests® database.

Tests and Measures Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to Tests and Measures
 

A limit to Tests and Measures will restrict retrieval to documents that are specifically about a particular test or measurement instrument. This is a good way to eliminate studies that used a specific test or measurement as methodology, but which are actually about another topic.

There are range limits for the UP and CH fields. These limits are not listed in the drop-down menu, however they can be used from the command line. To run the limits use the following syntax from the command line.
limit 1 to ch=20190708-20200914
limit 1 to up=20190708-20200914
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Tools
The following Search Tools are available for this database. For specific information on using these tools, refer to the Ovid Online Help linked below.
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Changing to this Database

To change a search session to a segment of this database from another database or another segment, use the following syntax in the Ovid Syntax tab:

  Command Syntax: ..c/psye
  Sentence Syntax: use psye

Click on this link to see other Advanced Search Techniques

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Sample Documents
Sample 1
*Copyright for APA PsycExtra® and by the American Psychological Association, All Rights Reserved*  
Accession Number
  718882007-001
Title
  APA's Science Policy Insider News: October 2007! 
Publication Date
  Oct 2007
Year of Publication
  2007  
Source
  Science Policy Insider News. Oct 2007, np. 
Content Owner
  American Psychological Association, Public Policy Office, 750 First
  Street NE Washington, District of Columbia, US, 20002, http://www.apa.org/science/
Content Owner Type
  APA
Corporate/Institutional Author
  American Psychological Association; Public Policy Office
Pagination
  np
Language
  English
Abstract Provides the October 2007 update on happenings/decision making within the American Psychological Association as concerns science policy. The following topics comprise the current edition of the newsletter: Nearly 100 psychological scientists participating in the 3rd Annual Science Leadership Conference (SciLC) traveled to Capitol Hill on Monday, October 15, in the largest-ever APA advocacy effort on behalf of science; the Food and Drug Administration chose, and received acceptances from, the 15 initial voting members of FDA's Risk Communication Advisory Committee--one of APA's nominees, Dr. Baruch Fischhoff, Howard Heinz University Professor in the Department of Social and Decision Sciences and Department of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University, was appointed Chair; the Senate approved an amendment cosponsored by Senators Mikulski (D-MD) and Hutchison (R-TX) that would add $1 billion to NASA's FY08 budget, offering the first step in addressing NASA's mounting fiscal pressures; the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health held a long-awaited hearing on H.R. 1108, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, which would give the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) control over the regulation of tobacco products; NIH has asked scientific societies to provide vetted lists of potential peer reviewers; NIH is undertaking an effort to attract additional applications for its five Loan Repayment Programs (LRPs), which pay up to $35,000 per year of qualified educational debt as well as the corresponding federal taxes for post-doctoral scientists as they pursue research careers; and NIH is seeking input from the scientific community, health professionals, patient advocates, and the general public about current and emerging priorities in basic Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (bBSSR) that may offer potential for improving and accelerating health research and its impact on the health of the Nation. (PsycEXTRA Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) Digital Object Indentifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e71888... Keywords American Psychological Association, science policy, happenings, decision making Subject Headings Advocacy American Psychological Association Government Policy Making Sciences Classification Code Professional Psychological & Health Personnel Issues [3400] Population Group Human Location US Document Type Periodical: Newsletter Update Code 20071210
Sample 2
*Copyright for APA PsycExtra® and by the American Psychological Association, All Rights Reserved*  
Accession Number 
  646632007-001
Title
  Aging and Retrospective Revaluation in Causal Judgment  
Publication Date
  2007
Year of Publication
  2007
Source
  Aging and Retrospective Revaluation in Causal Judgment. 2007, 2 pp.
Content Owner  
  Midwestern Psychological Association (MPA).
  http://www.midwesternpsych.org/  
Content Owner Type
  Non-Profit Organization
Author
  Mutter, Sharon; Atchley, Anthony; Plumlee, Leslie; Simmons, Kristi.
Institution/Affiliation
  Mutter, Sharon: Western Kentucky Univ
  Atchley, Anthony: Western Kentucky University
  Plumlee, Leslie: Western Kentucky University
  Simmons, Kristi: Western Kentucky University
Pagination
  2 pp
Language
  English
Abstract
  This conference abstract discusses a study that examined whether age-related
  deficits in associative memory might impair older adults' retrospective
  revaluation of causal cues. Please see full PDF for the entire abstract. (PsycEXTRA Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
Digital Object Identifer
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e64663...
Keywords  
  aging, retrospective revaluation, causal judgment, associative memory, causal cues
Subject Headings  
  Aging
  Associative Processes
  Causal Analysis
  Cues
  Judgment
  Memory
Classification Code
  Gerontology [2860]  
Population Group
  Human
Age Group
  Adulthood (18 yrs & older); Aged (65 yrs & older)
Document Type 
  Conference: Abstract
Conference Information
  Midwestern Psychological Association May 3 to 5, 2007, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, IL.
Update Code
  20070903
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Producer Information
Producer
American Psychological Association
APA PsycExtra®
750 First Street NE
Washington, DC 20002-4242
Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500
TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123
Website:
http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycextra/
Copyright

The APA PsycExtra® Database is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association (“APA”).  Search results received by Customer in machine-readable form remain the property of APA.  No part of the database may be duplicated in hard copy or machine-readable form without written authorization from the producer, except that reproduction of up to 25 print copies of search output is permitted for use within the Customer’s organization and that search output may be stored temporarily in electronic media for editing and reformatting for the Customer’s internal use or for one-time delivery to a single client for the client’s own internal use. 

APA takes care to provide an accurate representation of the Content, but assumes no legal liability including, but not limited to, errors or omissions, libel, or usefulness of the representation or the Content.  Further, APA makes no warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, title, non-infringement of copyright or patent rights of others, of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, and assumes no responsibility for Customer’s use of the representation or the Content.

Inclusion of content in APA PsycExtra® does not necessarily constitute endorsement or approval by APA.  The Database is an informational resource and should not be used to replace the specialized training and professional judgment of a health care or mental health care professional.

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