| Label |
Name / Example |
| AB |
Abstract
patient information.ab. |
| |
Abstracts (AB) are included for most documents to provide an overview of the
purpose, scope, methodology, and conclusions reached by the author(s).
The abstract index contains all searchable words from the abstract. Stopwords, such as "the" and "of" are not searchable.
Enter the desired word or phrase.
|
| Back |
| AF |
All Searchable Fields [Search Alias]
Genes.af. |
| |
All Fields (AF) is an alias for all of the fields which occur in the source documents, including value-added fields such as
Subject Headings (SH).
|
| Back |
| AN |
Accession Number
27-01233.an. |
| |
The Accession Number (AN) field contains a unique number assigned to each
document for identification. The first two digits represent the IPA
print volume in which the reference occurs. This is followed by a
hyphen and the last five digits, representing the abstract number.
Enter
the desired two-digit volume number, a hyphen, and the five-digit
abstract number. The hyphen is required when searching or browsing the
index. |
| Back |
| AU |
Authors
worth j$.au. |
| |
The Author (AU) field contains the names of the authors in the order in which they appeared in the document. The format is last name, followed by initials for the first and (usually) middle names.
Enter the last name, or if it is a common name, enter the last name, a space, and the first initial. If you are unsure of the spelling of the last name, enter one version and you will be able to scroll through the list of names to find other versions. |
| Back |
| CC |
Concept Heading
pharmacol$.cc.
"11".cc. |
| |
The Concept Heading (CC) field contains one of 25 broad classifications
used to describe a document's primary focus. Examples include "Adverse
Drug Reactions," "Drug Stability," "Pharmaceutics," etc.
Since the CC
field is phrase-indexed, search using the full descriptive text, or use
a "$" to truncate after the first few words. You may also search by
code number. To view and select from the complete list of Concept
Headings, choose the "Search/Indexes/ Concept Headings" menu and enter
the letter "a".
|
| Back |
| CD |
CODEN
phpydq.cd. |
| |
The CODEN (CD) field contains the CODEN acronym for the journal in which
a document was published.
Enter the desired CODEN. |
| Back |
| EM |
Entry Month
9503.em. |
| |
The Entry Month (EM) field contains a 4-digit number representing the
year and month in which a document was added to the IPA database.
Search
or browse and select from the index using the format YYMM, in which YY
is the desired 2-digit year and MM is the desired 2-digit month, for example, "9503" means "March, 1995."
With the first update in 2000 the format changed to be a 4-digit year and 2-digit month, YYYYMM. |
| Back |
| FS |
Floating Subheading
combination caffeine.fs. |
| |
The Floating Subheading (FS) field contains the secondary-level drug and
non-drug index terms. Secondary terms are used to modify and expand
upon primary-level terms, and often include information about drug
combinations and comparisons.
The FS field is phrase-indexed. Search with a "$" following the desired
word(s). Browse and select from the index by entering the desired word
or pharse.
When documents are viewed, the secondary-level terms appear in
parentheses following each primary-level term in the Subject Heading (SH) field. |
| Back |
| HW |
Subject Heading Word
intensive care.hw. |
| |
The Subject Heading Word (HW) field contains IPA Subject Headings in a
word-indexed format. This allows retrieval of every Subject Heading
that includes a particular word or phrase.
Search by entering the desired word or phrase. Browse and select from the index by entering only a single word.
|
| Back |
| IN |
Institution
case western reserve.in. |
| |
The Institution (IN) field contains information about the professional affiliation and address of the author, as indicated in the source document. This address can usually be used to request a reprint of the document. If the reprint address is substantially different, it will also be included.
Search using the most significant word or phrase in the institution name, e.g., "harvard," not "university." Be certain to account for postal and other commonly-used abbreviations. |
| Back |
| IP |
Issue/Part
"2".ip.
may.ip. |
| |
The Issue/Part (IP) field includes the issue and/or part of the journal
in which the document was published. Enter the desired issue number,
3-letter month abbreviation, or the abbreviation "suppl" for
"supplement." The IP field displays in the Source (SO) field. |
| Back |
| IS |
ISSN
0007-1447.is. |
| |
The ISSN (IS) field contains the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for the journal in which a document was published. It appears as a number separated by hyphens.
Enter the desired ISSN. Hyphens are required. |
| Back |
| JA |
Journal Abbreviation
j biopharm sci.ja. |
| |
The Journal Abbreviation (JA) field includes the IPA database's abbreviation for the fully-spelled-out journal name found in the JN field.
IPA usually uses abbreviations which match those found in the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database.
Search by entering the precise IPA abbreviation. Browse and select from the index by entering only a single letter or word. |
| Back |
| JN |
Journal Name
pharmacotherapy.jn. |
| |
The Journal Name (JN) field usually includes the complete title of the journal in which a document was published. A few journals may be indexed by their abbreviated title.
Enter the first few words of the journal title. The Journal Name index will appear, from which you may select one or more Journal Name(s) to search.
The JN field displays as part of the Source (SO) field. |
| Back |
| LG |
Language
eng.lg. |
| |
The Language (LG) field indicates the language in which the source document was published. It contains a 3-letter code, usually taken from the first 3-letters of the language name (e.g., "fre" for "French.")
Search or browse the index by entering the first 3-letters of the desired language name. The index can be scrolled quickly to view all languages which appear in the IPA database. For a spelled-out list of languages, use the pull-down menu option "Limits/Languages." |
| Back |
| PC |
Pharmacologic/Therapeutic Classification
antihistamines.pc. |
| |
The Pharmacologic/Therapeutic Classification (PC) field contains the
following information:
-AHFS drug class name. It has been separately phrase-indexed and can be
retrieved easily by browsing the index display with the first few
letters of the class name.
-AHFS drug class code number. It appears with and is searched with a
space in place of the colons and periods found in the printed version.
It has been separately phrase-indexed and will be retrieved easily by
browsing the index display with the first few digits of the code.
-Generic drug name. It has been separately phrase-indexed and will be
retrieved easily by browsing the index display with the first few
letters of the drug name.
When searching the PC field directly, truncation (using the "$") is recommended. |
| Back |
| PG |
Pagination
"130".pg. |
| |
The Pagination (PG) field includes the starting page number for journal
documents, or the total page count for non-serial documents.
Enter only the starting page number or page count. Page ranges are not
searchable.
The PG field displays in the Source (SO) field. |
| Back |
| PT |
Publication Type
editorial.pt. |
| |
The Publication Type (PT) field describes the general form and substance of the document, e.g., "editorial" or "review."
Enter the desired Publication Type. You will then be presented with a complete list of Publication Types, from which you may choose one or more. |
| Back |
| RN |
Registry Number
58-93-5.rn. |
| |
The Registry Number (RN) field contains the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number for compounds mentioned in the document.
Registry Numbers appear with hyphens, e.g., (50-07-0). You may search or browse the index with or without the hyphens.
When documents are displayed, the corresponding chemical name follows the Registry Number and appears with special characters removed. |
| Back |
| RS |
Related Concept Heading
institutional pharmacy practice.rs.
"2".rs. |
| |
The Related Concept Heading (RS) field contains one of 25 broad classifications used to describe a document's secondary focus. Examples include "Adverse Drug Reactions," "Drug Stability," "Pharmaceutics," etc.
Since the RS field is phrase-indexed, search using the full descriptive text, or use a "$" to truncate after the first few words. You may also search by code number.
To view and select from the complete list of Related Concept Headings, choose the "Search/Indexes/Related Concept Heading" menu and enter the letter "a". |
| Back |
| RW |
Registry Word
hydrochlorothiazide.rw. |
| |
The Registry Word (RW) field contains the word-indexed chemical names of the compounds indicated in the Registry Number (RN) field. The RW field can be used to search portions of chemical names. |
| Back |
| SH |
Subject Heading
aspirin combination caffeine.sh. |
| |
The Subject Heading (SH) field contains index terms taken from IPA's controlled vocabulary, and are used to describe the content of a document in a standardized manner.
This field contains primary and secondary drug terms and non-drug terms. The appropriate primary and secondary terms have been precoordinated and are phrase-indexed.
To search for a primary term, enter the term followed by "$" for truncation. To search for a primary term combined with its precoordinated secondary term, simply remove the parentheses, e.g., "Aspirin (combination caffeine)" would be retrieved by entering "aspirin combination caffeine.sh."
Browse and select from the index by entering the first few letters of any primary term. |
| Back |
| SL |
Summary Language
rus.sl. |
| |
The Summary Language (SL) field indicates the language(s) of the summaries or abstracts which are included with the document, and are noted when the summary is in a language different from the language of the source document.
The SL field contains a 3-letter code, usually taken from the first 3-letters of the Summary Language name (e.g., "fre" for "French.")
Search or browse the index by entering the first 3-letters of the desired Summary Language name. Scroll the index to determine all Summary Languages which appear in the IPA database. This field appears in only a small number of documents. |
| Back |
| SO |
Source
jama.so. |
| |
The Source field includes all the basic information needed to locate a
citation, including the Journal Name or Monograph Publisher, Volume,
Issue, Pagination, and Year of Publication. |
| Back |
| TI |
Title
antithyroid drugs.ti. |
| |
The Title (TI) field contains the document's title. If a document refers to a conference, this field also includes the name and/or title of the conference, its location and date.
Stopwords such as "of" or "the" will display in documents but do not appear in the Title index. However, the word "a," which is a stopword in other fields, can be searched in the title.
|
| Back |
| TN |
Trade Name/Generic Name
tylenol.tn. |
| |
The Trade Name/Generic Name (TN) field contains the proprietary name of a drug, its corresponding generic name, and, if applicable, its combination components.
This field is both word and phrase indexed. |
| Back |
| TW |
Text Word [AB, TI.]
drug abuse.tw. |
| |
The Text Word field searches simultaneously in the Title (TI) and
Abstract (AB) fields, and is appropriate for a free-text search intended
for broad retrieval. |
| Back |
| VO |
Volume
"12".vo. |
| |
The Volume (VO) field includes the volume number of the journal in which the document was published.
Enter the desired volume number, e.g., "14."
The VO field displays in the Source (SO) field. |
| Back |
| YR |
Publication Year
95.yr.
1995.yr. |
| |
The Publication Year (YR) field contains the year in which a document was published. The year may be searched using two or four digits, e.g., "95" or "1995." Only individual years may be searched here; do not enter a range of
years. To restrict sets to a range of years, use the Limit to
Publication Year feature.
Year of Publication (YR) field also displays as part of the Source (SO) field. |
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| You can use special search syntax listed below to combine search terms or strategically develop a search. Full documentation is provided in the Advanced Searching Techniques section of the Online Help. |
| Operator |
Syntax |
Search Example |
|
| OR |
x or y |
vitamin c or ascorbic acid |
|
|
The OR operator retrieves records that contain any or all of the search terms. For example, the search heart attack or myocardial infarction retrieves results that contain the terms heart attack, myocardial infarction or both terms; results are all inclusive. You can use the OR operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field. |
| AND |
x and y |
minerals and supplements |
|
|
The AND operator retrieves only those records that include all of the search terms. For example, the search blood pressure and stroke retrieves results that contain the term blood pressure and the term stroke together in the same record; results are exclusive of records that do not contain both of these terms.
You can use the AND operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field. |
| NOT |
x not y |
vitamin c not ascorbic acid |
|
|
The NOT operator retrieves records that contain the first search term and excludes the second search term. For example, the search health reform not health maintenance organizations retrieves only those records that contain the term health reform but excludes the term health maintenance organizations. In this way, you can use the NOT operator to restrict results to a specific topic.
You can use the NOT operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field. |
| Adjacency (ADJ) |
x y |
therapy dog |
|
|
The Adjacent operator (ADJ) retrieves records with search terms next to each other in that specific order. You do not need to separate search terms manually by inserting ADJ between them, because when you separate terms with a space on the command line, Ovid automatically searches for the terms adjacent to one another. For example, the search blood pressure is identical to the search blood adj pressure. |
| Defined Adjacency (ADJn) |
x ADJn y |
therapy adj3 animal |
|
|
The defined adjacency operator (ADJn) retrieves records that contain search terms within a specified number (n-1) of words from each other in any order (stop-words included). To use the adjacency operator, separate your search terms with ADJ and a number from 1 to 99 as explained below:
ADJ1 Next to each other, in any order
ADJ2 Next to each other, in any order, up to 1 word in between
ADJ3 Next to each other, in any order, up to 2 words in between
ADJ99 Next to each other, in any order, up to 98 words in between
For example, the search physician adj5 relationship retrieves records that contain the words physician and relationship with a maximum of four words in between in either direction. This particular search retrieves records containing such phrases as physician patient relationship, patient physician relationship, or relationship between cancer patient and physician.
Please note Ovid’s order of operation handles terms within parentheses first. Therefore it is recommended to apply the ADJn operator in one-on-one operations to avoid missing out on results. E.g. stroke adj4 (blood pressure or high blood pressure) could potentially miss out on some combinations of stroke with high blood pressure. The optimum way to execute this on Ovid is: (stroke adj4 blood pressure) OR (stroke adj4 high blood pressure). |
| Frequency (FREQ) |
x.ab./FREQ=n |
blood.ab. /freq=4 |
|
|
The frequency operator (FREQ) lets you specify a threshold of occurrence of a term in the records retrieved from your search. Records containing your search term are retrieved only if the term occurs at least the specified (n) number of times. In general, records that contain many instances of your search term are more relevant than records that contain fewer instances. The frequency operator is particularly useful when searching a text field, such as Abstract or Full Text, for a common word or phrase. |
| Unlimited Truncation ($) |
x$ |
rat$ |
|
|
Unlimited
truncation retrieves all possible suffix variations of the root word
indicated. To apply unlimited truncation to a term, type the root word
or phrase followed by either of the truncation characters: $ (dollar sign) or * (asterisk). For example, in the truncated search rat*, Ovid retrieves the word rat as well as the words rats, and more. |
| Limited Truncation ($) |
x$n |
dog$1 |
|
|
Limited truncation specifies a maximum number of characters that may follow the root word or phrase. For example, the truncated search dog$1 retrieves results with the words dog and dogs; but it does not retrieve results with the word dogma. |
| Mandated Wildcard (#) |
xx#y |
wom#n |
|
|
Searching with a mandated wildcard retrieves all possible variations of a word in which the wildcard is present in the specified place. You can use it at the end of a term to limit results to only those that contain the word plus the mandated character. For example, the search dog# retrieves results that contain the word dogs, but not those that contain the word dog, effectively limiting results to only those that contain the plural form of the word. The mandated wild card character (#) is also useful for retrieving specialized plural forms of a word. For example, the search wom#n retrieves results that contain both woman and women. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word. |
| Optional Wildcard (?) |
xx?y |
colo?r |
|
|
The optional wild card character (?) can be used within or at the end of a search term to substitute for one or no characters. This wild card is useful for retrieving documents with British and American word variants since it specifies that you want retrieval whether or not the extra character is present. For example, the optional wild card search colo?r retrieves results that contain the words color or colour. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word. |
| Literal String ("") |
"x / y" |
"Heat / Cold Application" |
|
| "n" |
"3".vo |
|
|
Quotation marks can be used to retrieve records that contain literal strings,
when the string includes special characters, such as a forward slash (/).
Quotation marks can also be used to retrieve records that contain numbers
that may otherwise be confused for earlier searches. In the example, a
search for 3.vo would limit the string from your third search in your search
history to the volume field. By including the number in quotation marks,
the search will retrieve documents with a 3 in the volume number. |
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